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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Sep 22, 2025; 16(3): 108952
Published online Sep 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108952
Figure 1
Figure 1 Gut-skin axis as part of the broader skin-gut-brain-immune system axis. The skin, gut, brain, and immune system are intricately interconnected, engaging in a dynamic and bidirectional communication network. This cross-talk includes skin–gut, skin–immune, gut–brain, and gut–immune interactions. At the heart of this complex axis lies the microbiome, orchestrating the interplay across these systems and playing a pivotal role in health and disease.


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