Gut-skin axis: Emerging insights for gastroenterologists-a narrative review

Table 3 Common diseases/syndromes with their gastrointestinal and skin manifestations

Disease/syndrome	Skin manifestations	Associated GI malignancy	GI and other features
Muir Torre syndrome (Variant of Lynch syndrome)	Sebaceous adenoma. Epitheliomas. Multiple keratocanthomas	Colon, gastric, hepatobiliary, pancreas	Cancer involving endometrium, cervix, lung, urological, blood, ovary
Gardner syndrome	Epidermoid cysts. Lipomas. Desmoid tumors	Colorectal, duodenal, hepatoblastoma, stomach	CHRPE, supernumerary teeth, adrenal tumors, osteomas
Peutz Jegher’s syndrome	Hyperpigmentation of tongue. Pigmentation around lips around mouth	Duodenal, colon, pancreas, stomach, small bowel	Cancer involving pancreas, breast, ovary, genitals
Cowden syndrome	Trichilemmomas. Oral papillomatosis. Facial papules. Acral keratoses	Colon	Melanoma, cancer involving endometrium, thyroid, kidney
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome	Hyperpigmented macules involving Glans penis or vulva. Acanthosis nigricans. Facial verrucous papules	None	Macrocephaly, hypotonia, autism spectrum disorder, development delay, hamartomas, seizures, scoliosis
Juvenile polyposis syndrome	Digital clubbing. Facial and digital telangiectasias	Colon, SI, stomach	Cancer involving. Pancreas
Cronkhite Canada syndrome	Nail dystrophy. Alopecia. Hyperpigmentation	Gastric, colon	Intestinal mucosal changes leading to malabsorption
Bazex syndrome (Acrokeratosis Paraneoplastica)	Scaly. Psoriasiform plaques on acral areas, and nasal, ear and malar surfaces	Upper GI tract	SCC of pharynx, esophagus, larynx, lung, lymphoma and genito-urinary tumors
Tylosis	Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis	Esophagus (SCC)
Plummer Vinson syndrome	Koilonychia	Esophagus (SCC)	Esophageal web, iron deficiency
Glucagonoma and Necrolytic Migratory erythema	Annular erythematous eruption with blisters. Ngular cheilitis. Glossitis. Stomatitis		Anemia, weight loss, diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, thromboembolic disease, psychiatry disturbance
Carcinoid syndrome	Flushing. Rosacea. Pellagra like changes. Cutaneous metastasis	Appendix, small intestine	Wheezing, carcinoid heart disease, diarrhoea
Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis	Heliotropic rash. Gottron papules. Violaceous poikiloderma. Ragged cuticle. Nail fold telangiectasias	Stoamch, colorectal, pancreas	Dermatomyositis, cancer involving lung and ovary, lymphomas
Cutaneous metastasis	Sister Joseph Mary nodule on umbilicus	Gastric adenocarcinoma

GI: Gastrointestinal; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; SI: Small intestine; CHRPE: Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.