©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Sep 22, 2025; 16(3): 108842
Published online Sep 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108842
Published online Sep 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108842
Table 5 Factors associated with development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, n (%)
| Variables | Yes (n = 57) | No (n = 122) | P value | |
| Mean age | 59.79 ± 10.53 | 58.75 ± 14.09 | 0.61 | |
| Gender | Male | 28 (49.1) | 72 (59.0) | 0.21 |
| Female | 29 (50.9) | 50 (41.0) | ||
| Ethnicity | Hispanic or Latino | 56 (98.2) | 120 (98.4) | 0.68 |
| Caucasian | 1 (1.8) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| African American | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Use of alcohol | 32 (56.1) | 68 (55.7) | 0.96 | |
| Etiology of liver disease | Hepatitis (A, B, C, D) | 7 (12.3) | 16 (13.1) | 0.77 |
| Congenital liver disease | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.5) | ||
| NASH | 4 (7.0) | 7 (5.7) | ||
| ALD | 25 (43.9) | 56 (45.9) | ||
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 8 (14.0) | 18 (14.8) | ||
| Others | 11 (19.3) | 15 (12.3) | ||
| NA | 2 (3.5) | 7 (5.7) | ||
| Severity of ascites | Grade I | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.5) | 0.45 |
| Grade II | 2 (3.5) | 3 (2.5) | ||
| Grade III | 55 (96.5) | 116 (95.1) | ||
| HE | None | 38 (66.7) | 81 (66.4) | 0.64 |
| Grade I | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.3) | ||
| Grade II | 12 (21.1) | 28 (23.0) | ||
| Grade III | 5 (8.8) | 8 (6.6) | ||
| Grade IV | 1 (1.8) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| GI bleed | 33 (57.9) | 43 (35.2) | < 0.01 | |
| Serum BUN | < 25 mg/dL | 18 (31.6) | 53 (43.4) | 0.05 |
| 25-35 mg/dL | 8 (14.0) | 26 (21.3) | ||
| > 35 mg/dL | 31 (54.4) | 43 (35.2) | ||
| Mean creatinine | 2.81 ± 1.44 | 2.16 ± 2.34 | 0.09 | |
| Platelet count | 1.5-4.5 × 103/μL | 17 (29.8) | 38 (31.1) | 0.02 |
| 1-1.49 × 103/μL | 15 (26.3) | 32 (26.2) | ||
| 50000-99999/μL | 13 (22.8) | 44 (36.1) | ||
| < 50000/μL | 12 (21.1) | 8 (6.6) | ||
| INR | < 1.7 | 25 (43.9) | 52 (42.6) | 0.14 |
| 1.7-2.3 | 13 (22.8) | 43 (35.2) | ||
| > 2.3 | 19 (33.3) | 27 (22.1) | ||
| Bilirubin | < 2 mg/dL | 17 (29.8) | 41 (33.6) | 0.14 |
| 2-3 mg/dL | 8 (14.0) | 30 (24.6) | ||
| > 3 mg/dL | 32 (56.1) | 51 (41.8) | ||
| Albumin | > 3.5 g/dL | 3 (5.3) | 7 (5.7) | 0.37 |
| 2.8-3.5 g/dL | 22 (38.6) | 60 (49.2) | ||
| < 2.8 g/dL | 32 (56.1) | 55 (45.1) | ||
| Sodium | 136-145 mEq/L | 10 (17.5) | 28 (23.0) | 0.40 |
| 126-135 mEq/L | 36 (63.2) | 75 (61.5) | ||
| < 125 mEq/L | 11 (19.3) | 16 (13.1) | ||
| > 135 mEq/L | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.5) | ||
| Serum potassium | 3.5-5.5 mEq/L | 26 (45.6) | 57 (46.7) | 0.18 |
| < 3.5 mEq/L | 16 (28.1) | 46 (37.7) | ||
| > 5.5 mEq/L | 15 (26.3) | 19 (15.6) | ||
| Child Pugh score | Class A | 3 (5.3) | 5 (4.1) | 0.14 |
| Class B | 13 (22.8) | 46 (37.7) | ||
| Class C | 41 (71.9) | 71 (58.2) | ||
| MELD-Na score | 6-15 | 10 (17.5) | 16 (13.1) | 0.001 |
| 16-25 | 11 (19.3) | 62 (50.8) | ||
| 26-35 | 30 (52.6) | 34 (27.9) | ||
| > 35 | 6 (10.5) | 10 (8.2) | ||
| Ascitic fluid protein | Low | 36 (63.2) | 73 (59.8) | 0.795 |
| High | 21 (36.8) | 49 (40.2) | ||
| CLIF-ACLF | 56.13 ± 9.04 | 57.08 ± 9.86 | 0.51 | |
- Citation: Duggal S, Kalas M, Jurado A, Mendoza E, Mahapatra S, Garrison K, Zuckerman MJ, Robles A. Factors associated with refractory ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a predominantly Hispanic population: A retrospective analysis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2025; 16(3): 108842
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5330/full/v16/i3/108842.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108842