©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Sep 22, 2025; 16(3): 108842
Published online Sep 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108842
Published online Sep 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108842
Table 3 Factors associated with refractory ascites, n (%)
| Variables | Refractory ascites | P value | ||
| Yes (n = 115) | No (n = 64) | |||
| Mean age | 56.96 ± 12.40 | 62.89 ± 13.39 | < 0.01 | |
| Gender | Male | 65 (56.5) | 35 (54.7) | 0.81 |
| Female | 50 (43.5) | 29 (45.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | Hispanic or Latino | 114 (99.1) | 62 (96.9) | 0.36 |
| Caucasian | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| African American | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| Etiology of liver disease | Hepatitis (A, B, C, D) | 10 (8.7) | 13 (20.3) | 0.09 |
| Congenital liver disease | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| MASH | 7 (6.1) | 4 (6.3) | ||
| Alcoholic liver disease | 56 (48.7) | 25 (39.1) | ||
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 20 (17.4) | 6 (9.4) | ||
| Others | 17 (14.8) | 9 (14.1) | ||
| NA | 3 (2.6) | 6 (9.4) | ||
| Severity of ascites | Grade I | 1 (0.9) | 2 (3.1) | 0.26 |
| Grade II | 2 (1.7) | 3 (4.7) | ||
| Grade III | 112 (97.4) | 59 (92.2) | ||
| HE | None | 76 (66.1) | 43 (67.2) | 0.67 |
| Grade I | 2 (1.7) | 2 (3.1) | ||
| Grade II | 29 (25.2) | 11 (17.2) | ||
| Grade III | 7 (6.1) | 6 (9.4) | ||
| Grade IV | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| GI bleed | 56 (48.7) | 20 (31.3) | 0.02 | |
| Serum BUN | < 25 mg/dL | 38 (33.0) | 33 (51.6) | 0.04 |
| 25-35 mg/dL | 23 (20.0) | 11 (17.2) | ||
| > 35 mg/dL | 54 (47.0) | 20 (31.3) | ||
| Mean creatinine | 2.79 ± 2.74 | 1.61 ± 1.29 | < 0.01 | |
| Platelet count | 1.5-4.5 × 103 | 38 (33.0) | 17 (26.6) | 0.61 |
| 1-1.49 × 103 | 27 (23.5) | 20 (31.3) | ||
| 50000-99999 | 38 (33.0) | 19 (29.7) | ||
| < 500000 | 12 (10.4) | 8 (12.5) | ||
| INR | < 1.7 | 42 (36.5) | 35 (54.7) | < 0.01 |
| 1.7-2.3 | 35 (30.4) | 21 (32.8) | ||
| > 2.3 | 38 (33.0) | 8 (12.5) | ||
| Bilirubin | < 2 mg/dL | 34 (29.6) | 24 (37.5) | 0.10 |
| 2-3 mg/dL | 21 (18.3) | 17 (26.6) | ||
| > 3 mg/dL | 60 (52.2) | 23 (35.9) | ||
| Albumin | > 3.5 g/dL | 5 (4.3) | 5 (7.8) | 0.56 |
| 2.8-3.5 g/dL | 52 (45.2) | 30 (46.9) | ||
| < 2.8 g/dL | 58 (50.4) | 29 (45.3) | ||
| Sodium | 136-145 mEq/L | 19 (16.5) | 19 (29.7) | 0.13 |
| 126-135 mEq/L | 73 (63.5) | 38 (59.4) | ||
| < 125 mEq/L | 21 (18.3) | 6 (9.4) | ||
| > 135 mEq/L | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| Serum potassium | 3.5-5.5 mEq/L | 42 (36.5) | 41 (64.1) | < 0.001 |
| < 3.5 mEq/L | 45 (39.1) | 17 (26.6) | ||
| > 5.5 mEq/L | 28 (24.3) | 6 (9.4) | ||
| Child Pugh score | Class A | 4 (3.5) | 4 (6.3) | 0.03 |
| Class B | 31 (27.0) | 28 (43.8) | ||
| Class C | 80 (69.6) | 32 (50.0) | ||
| MELD-Na score | 6-15 | 14 (12.2) | 12 (18.8) | 0.02 |
| 16-25 | 40 (34.8) | 33 (51.6) | ||
| 26-35 | 48 (41.7) | 16 (25.0) | ||
| > 35 | 13 (11.3) | 3 (4.7) | ||
| Ascitic fluid protein | Low | 69 (60.0) | 40 (62.5) | 0.87 |
| High | 46 (40.0) | 24 (37.5) | ||
| CLIF-ACLF | 56.33 ± 9.49 | 56.53 ± 9.29 | 0.89 | |
- Citation: Duggal S, Kalas M, Jurado A, Mendoza E, Mahapatra S, Garrison K, Zuckerman MJ, Robles A. Factors associated with refractory ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a predominantly Hispanic population: A retrospective analysis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2025; 16(3): 108842
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5330/full/v16/i3/108842.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.108842