Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A case-based evidence review

doi:10.4291/wjgp.v16.i2.107265

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Jun 22, 2025 (publication date) through Jun 19, 2025

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology

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2150-5330

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Evidence Review

World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Jun 22, 2025; 16(2): 107265
Published online Jun 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i2.107265

Table 2 Biomarkers for the diagnosis of pNEN[23]

Circulating biomarkers
Non-specific biomarkers	Specific to functional pNEN	Specific to nonfunctional pNEN
Chromogranin A	Insulin	Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreastatin	Glucagon	Human chorionic gonadotropin
Chromogranin B	Gastrin	Neurotensin
Neuron-specific enolase	Somatostatin	Ghrelin
Alpha fetoprotein	Vasoactive intestinal peptide	Calcitonin
	Growth hormone or GHRH
	Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Immunohistochemical biomarkers
Differentiation markers	Site of origin markers	Prognostic markers
Chromogranin A	NESP55	ATRX/DAXX
Synaptophysin	PGR	SSTR2a
INSM1	PDX1	PD-L1
	ARX
	ISL1
Molecular biomarkers
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs)
Circulating transcripts (NETest score)
G protein-coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 1 (GPRASP1)
Delta-like protein 3 (DLL3)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)
Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)

INSM1: Insulinoma-associated protein 1; NESP55: Neuroendocrine secretory protein 55; PGR: Progesterone receptor; PDX1: Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1; ISL-2: Insulin gene enhancer binding protein 2; ATRX/DAXX: Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked and death domain-associated protein; SSTR2a: Somatostatin receptors 2a; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1.

Citation: Rikhraj N, Fernandez CJ, Ganakumar V, Pappachan JM. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A case-based evidence review. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2025; 16(2): 107265
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5330/full/v16/i2/107265.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v16.i2.107265