Current treatment strategies and future perspectives for gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Table 1 Various laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery procedures for gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Procedure	Yr	Author	Indication	Non-exposure	First approach	Preferred type and location	Extraction site	Suturing
Classical LECS	2008	Hiki	< 5 cm ulcer (-)	No	Endoscopic	Intraluminal > extraluminal; Anterior wall	Trans abdominal	Hand or mechanical
Inverted LECS	2012	Nunobe	< 5 cm ulcer (±)	No	Endoscopic	Intraluminal > extraluminal; Anterior wall	Either site	Hand or mechanical
Closed-LECS	2017	Kikuchi	< 3 cm ulcer (+)	Yes1	Endoscopic	Intraluminal < extraluminal; Anterior wall	Trans oral	Hand
NEWS	2011	Goto	< 3 cm ulcer (+)	Yes	Laparoscopic	Intraluminal < extraluminal; Anterior wall	Trans oral	Hand
CLEAN-NET	2012	Inoue	< 3 cm ulcer (+)	Yes	Laparoscopic	Intraluminal < extraluminal; Anterior wall	Trans abdominal	Mechanical
PEIGS	1995	Ohashi	< 3 cm ulcer (+)	No	Laparoscopic	Intraluminal > extraluminal; Posterior wall	Either site	Hand or mechanical

¹Open the gastric wall.

LECS: Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery; NEWS: Non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery; CLEAN-NET: Combination of laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches to neoplasia with a non-exposure technique; PEIGS: Percutaneous endoscopic intragastric surgery.