Clinical relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction in common gastrointestinal diseases

Table 2 Clinical intestinal permeability function in gastrointestinal diseases

Disease	Disease activity	Functional probe	Intestinal permeability change	Ref.
CD	Not reported	C/M	↑	Secondulfo et al[135], 2001
	Not reported	51Cr-EDTA	↑	Jenkins et al[136], 1987
	Low activity and high activity	Iohexol	Low activity: ↑; high activity: ↑	Gerova et al[55], 2011
	Low activity and high activity	L/M	Low activity: ↑; high activity: ↑	Benjamin et al[57], 2008
	Remission, low activity, and high activity	L/M	Remission: ↔; low activity: ↑; high activity: ↑	Welcker et al[82], 2004
	Remission	L/M	↑	Wyatt et al[52], 1993
	Low activity	L/M; L/R; R/M	L/M: ↑; L/R: ↑; R/M: ↔	Katz et al[30], 1989
	Low activity	L/M; L/R; L/PEG; PEG/M; PEG/R	↔	Munkholm et al[45], 1994
UC	Not reported	51Cr-EDTA	↑	Jenkins et al[136], 1987
	Remission, low activity, and high activity	C/M; C/R; L/M; L/R;	Remission: ↔ or ↑1; low activity: ↔ or ↑1; high activity: ↑	Welcker et al[82], 2004
	Low activity and high activity	Iohexol	Low activity: ↑; high activity: ↑	Gerova et al[55], 2011
	Remission	L/M; S; Su	↑	Büning et al[83], 2012
	Remission	L/M/S/Su/E/R	↔2	Wegh et al[81], 2019
IBS-D	Active	51Cr-EDTA	↑	Gecse et al[103], 2012
		51Cr-EDTA	↑	Dunlop et al[102], 2006
		L/R	↑	Mujagic et al[105], 2014
		L/M	↑	Shulman et al[98], 2014
		L/M	↑	Vazquez-Roque et al[100], 2012
		L/M	↑	Zhou et al[104], 2009
		L/R	↑	Zhou et al[137], 2010

¹Increased or no change depending on the functional test.

²Study did not include a true (healthy) control arm. ⁵¹Cr-EDTA: Chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetra-acetate; C: Cellobiose; CD: Crohn’s disease; E: Erythritol; IBS-D: Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; L: Lactulose; M: Mannitol; PEG: PEG400; R: L-rhamnose; S: Sucrose; Su: Sucralose; UC: Ulcerative colitis; ↑: Increase; ↔: No change.