Evaluation of causal heart diseases in cardioembolic stroke by cardiac computed tomography

Table 1 Information suitable for detection by cardiac computed tomography

Condition	Location	Information
Coronary artery disease	Coronary artery	Stenosis location and severity
		Plaque characteristics
		Plaque burden: CAC score, plaque volume
		Other: Pericoronary FAI, FFRCT
	Myocardium	Enhancement pattern: Perfusion defect, LIE
		Degeneration: Fat, calcification, wall thinning
	Wall motion	Regional wall motion abnormality: LV, RV
		Global function: LV, RV
Valvular heart disease	Native heart valve	Aortic stenosis: BAV or TAV, AVA, pre and post evaluation of TAVR
		Chronic secondary mitral regurgitation: Etiology assessment
		Calcium score: AV, MAC
	Prosthetic heart valve	Mechanical valve dysfunction
	Infective endocarditis	Periannular complication
Congenital heart disease		Anomaly of coronary artery
		Anomaly of thoracic arteriovenous vessels
		Complex and repaired adult congenital heart disease
		Unusual anatomy of atrial and ventricular septal defect
		Quantitative evaluation of right ventricular function

CAC: Coronary artery calcium; FAI: Fat attenuation index; FFR_CT: CT-derived fractional flow reserve; LIE: Late iodine enhancement; LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle; BAV: Bicuspid aortic valve; TAV: Tricuspid aortic valve; AVA: Aortic valve area; TAVR: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement; AV: Aortic valve; MAC: Mitral annular calcification.

Table 2 Sources of cardioembolism

Risk level	Source	Condition
High-risk sources	Left atrial thrombus	Atrial fibrillation (Af)
		Mitral valve stenosis
	Left ventricular thrombus	Acute myocardial infarction
		Cardiomyopathy (ischemic, nonischemic)
		Congestive heart failure with low ejection fraction
	Cardiac tumor	Primary cardiac tumor
		Secondary cardiac tumor
	Vegetation	Infective endocarditis
		Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
	Mechanical prosthetic heart valve
Medium-risk sources	Interatrial septal abnormalities	Patent foramen ovale
		Atrial septal aneurysm
		Atrial septal defect
	Interventricular septal abnormalities	Interventricular membranous septal aneurysm
		Ventricular septal defect
	Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
	Bioprosthetic heart valve
	Valvular abnormalities other than tumor and vegetation	Aortic valve sclerosis/stenosis
		Mitral annular calcification
		Lambl’s excrescences
		Calcified amorphous tumor
		Mitral valve prolapse
	Atrial cardiomyopathy
	Atrial arrhythmias other than Af	Atrial flutter
		Sick sinus syndrome