Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 8 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in the normal fibroglandular breast tissue using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Englander et al[181], 1997	GE Signa	1.5	SE	(2 or 3)HB/100	4/32 (2.6)	12.48, 611.31, 199.61, 449.12, 77.97, 311.89, 112.28	1.64 (0.19)
Partridge et al[17], 2001	GE Signa	1.5	SS FSE	8000/86	8/27	0, 578	n = 6, W1: 1.72 (0.23) W2: 1.61 (0.22) W3: 1.66 (0.17) W4: 1.75 (0.17)
Sinha et al[105], 2002	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	5000/72	16	0, 269, 537, 806, 1074	2.37 (0.27)
Woodhamset al[106], 2005	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	5000/61.8	190/53	0, 750, 1000	2.09 (0.27)
Park et al[182], 2007	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	6000/75	41/53.1	0, 1000	1.51 (0.29)
Yoshikawa et al[107], 2008	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	6238/90	27	0, 200, 400, 600, 800	1.96 (0.21)
Kim et al[119], 2009	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	6000/75	67/54	0, 1000	1.59 (0.27)
Baron et al[114], 2010	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, (1) FS (2) STIR (3) SPAIR (4) WaterExcitation	3000/93	7/26.6	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600	(1) 1.99 (2) 2.02 (3) 2.03 (4) 2.06 overall 2.03 (0.03)
Partridge et al[44], 2010	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	7 s/71.5	12/36 (median)	0, 600, 1000	1.95 (0.24)
O’Flynn et al[109], 2012	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI, SPAIR, SSGR	3771/67	31/45.9 13 PRM/36.6 18 PM/55.2	(1) 0, 100, 150, 200, 350, 700, 1200 (2) 100, 150, 200, 350, 700, 1200	PRM, (1) 1.84 (0.26) (2) 1.77 (0.26) PM, (1) 1.46 (0.3) (2) 1.33 (0.3)
Tagliafico et al[183], 2012	GE Signa	3.0	SS EPI	16675/NR	60/57 (median)	0, 1000	1.92 (0.30)
AlRashidi et al[108], 2012	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI, SPAIR	9543/50	26	0, 50, 150, 800	MC, W1: 2.18 (0.38) W2: 2.20 (0.39) W3: 2.22 (0.38) W4: 2.22 (0.33)
McDonald et al[184], 2014	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI	5336/61	103/47 (11)	0, 800	1.62 (0.30)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; FSE: Fast spin echo; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; HB: Heart beats; n: Number of patients; SPAIR: Spectral selection attenuated inversion recovery; SSGR: Slice selection gradient reversal; FS: Fat suppression; AX: Axial; SAG: Sagittal; MC: Menstrual cycle; PM: Post-menopause; PRM: Pre-menopause; W: Week; L: Left; R: Right.