Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 3 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human spleen using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (t)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (sd) (yr)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (sd) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994	Siemens	1.5	STEAM EPI, BH	2BH/18	10 (7F, 3M)/24	2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395	0.95 (0.15)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	76	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	0.88 (0.33)
Kim et al[29], 1999	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH (6sec), FS	NR/70	P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	b < 850: P1: 0.93 (0.30) P2: 0.80 (0.34) b < 410: P1: 0.85 (0.25) P2: 0.99 (0.54) b < 100: P1: 2.17 (3.28) P2: 2.81 (1.93)
1Mürtz et al[32], 2002	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs	(1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83	12 (4F, 8M)/31	50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300	(1) 0.59-0.63 (0.04-0.06) (2) 0.73-0.85 (0.25-0.36)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	1.047 (0.082)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	185	0, 600	1.26 (0.23)
Bruegel et al[160], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, NC, BH, FS	NR/69	96	50, 300, 600	0.82 (0.11)
Kiliçkesmez[64], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, FB, FS	4900/93	50 (29F, 21M)/38.9	0, 500, 1000	1.28 (0.38)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009	Siemens Trio	3.0	Stimulated Echo EPI, FB, FS	3200/76	20 (20M)/34.7	0, 400	1.28 (0.39)
2Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. SiemensAvanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 0.7 (0.05)
	b. SiemensTrio	b. 3.0	(1) BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 0.65 (0.08)
			(2) BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			(3) FB, PI
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 0.81 (0.06) V2: 0.82 (0.07)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) 0.90 (0.10)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100,	(2) 0.80 (0.08)
						200, 300, 450,
						600, 750
Klasen et al[63], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI	(6825-6930)/(68-76)	50 (30F, 20M)/55.1	50, 300, 600	O1: 0.774 (0.061)
							O2: 0.805 (0.081)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) 0.863 (0.092)
	(2) Siemens Trio	3.0					(2) 0.775 (0.069)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(3) 0.876 (0.153)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					(4) 0.851 (0.080)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(5) 0.855 (0.138)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					(6) 0.888 (0.214)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Range for three diffusion directions;

²Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; STEAM: Stimulated echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; V: Visit; O: Observer.