Role of functional imaging in the development and refinement of invasive neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders

doi:10.4329/wjr.v6.i10.756

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World Journal of Radiology

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1949-8470

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World J Radiol. Oct 28, 2014; 6(10): 756-778
Published online Oct 28, 2014. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i10.756

Table 3 Treatment-resistant depression deep brain stimulation targets: Activation/deactivation of cortical and subcortical targets

	NAc_DBS	SCG_DBS	DLFPC_ EpCS
Frontal cortex
Ventral superior frontal sulcus	↓Bewernick¹^c
Dorsal superior frontal sulcus	↓Bewernick¹^c
Medial frontal gyrus	↑Schlaepfer; ↓Bewernick¹^c
Superior frontal gyrus	↑Schlaepfer		↓Kopel^l2
Inferior frontal gyrus	↓Schlaepfer¹^a
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)	↑Knight^1d,11
Dorsomedial PFC	↑Schlaepfer¹^a	↓Lozano⁴
Dorsolateral PFC	↑Schlaepfer¹^a	↑Mayberg⁸; ↓ Lozano^4,6f	↑Kopell¹^f;↓Kopell²
Ventral prefrontal
Ventrolateral prefrontal	↓Schlaepfer¹^a; ↑Knight	↑Lozano⁶^f
Ventromedial prefrontal	↓Schlaepfer¹^a	↑Lozano⁴
Medial prefrontal		↓Mayberg⁸
Dorsal frontal pole		↓Lozano⁴
Ventral frontal pole		↓Lozano⁴
Cingulate	↑Schlaepfer¹^a; ↑Knight^1d,11
Posterior cingulate	↓Bewernick¹^c	↑Mayberg⁷^b; ↑Lozano⁵	↓Kopell²
Subgenual cingulate	↓Bewernick^1c,2	↓Mayberg⁷^b; ↑Lozano⁴
Anterior cingulate	↓Schlaepfer¹^a; ↑Knight¹^d	↑Mayberg⁸; ↓Lozano⁶^f
Orbitofrontal cortex	↓Bewernick¹^e	↓Mayberg⁹^b	↑Kopell¹^f
Lateral orbitofrontal		↑Lozano⁴
Medial orbitofrontal		↓Lozano⁶^f
Premotor cortex		↑Mayberg⁷^b; ↑Lozano³
Dorsolateral premotor		↓Lozano³
Striatum
Ventral striatum	↑Schlaepfer¹^a; ↑Knight
Caudate	↓Bewernick¹^c; ↑Schlaepfer¹^c	↑(rostral) ↓(caudal)Lozano⁴
Putamen	↑Schlaepfer
Insula	↓Schlaepfer¹^a; ↑Knight¹^d	↓Mayberg⁷^b; ↑Lozano⁴
Amygdala	↑Schlaepfer¹^a; ↑Bewernick^1c,2
Pons		↓Lozano⁵
Thalamus	↓Bewernick¹^c; ↓Schlaepfer¹^a↓Knight^1d,10
Hypothalamus		↓Mayberg⁷^b
Hippocampus/parahippocampus	↑Schlaepfer; ↑Knight¹^d	↑Lozano⁴⁵

¹Statistically significant,

^bP < 0.001,

^dP < 0.0001,

^aP < 0.05,

^fP < 0.005,

^cP = 0.05,

^eP = 0.038 vs scans;

²Statistically correlated with change in depression scale;

³de/activation at 3 mo only;

⁴de/activation at 3 and 6 mo;

⁵de/activation at 6 mo only;

⁶significant between scans at 6 mo only;

⁷significant between scans at 3 and 6 mo;

⁸statistically correlated at 3 and 6 mo;

⁹significant between scans at 3 mo only; ¹⁰as the stimulation voltage increased from 3 V to 5 V, the region of BOLD signal modulation increased; ¹¹as the stimulation voltage increased from 3 V to 5V, the region of BOLD signal modulation area decreased for n = 2 pigs; NAc: Nucleus accumbens; DBS: Deep brain stimulation; SCG: Subcallosal cingulate gyrus; DLFPC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; EpCS: Epidural cortical stimulation; BOLD: Blood oxygen level dependent.

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Citation: Williams NR, Taylor JJ, Lamb K, Hanlon CA, Short EB, George MS. Role of functional imaging in the development and refinement of invasive neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders. World J Radiol 2014; 6(10): 756-778
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8470/full/v6/i10/756.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v6.i10.756

Williams NR, Taylor JJ, Lamb K, Hanlon CA, Short EB, George MS. Role of functional imaging in the development and refinement of invasive neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders. World J Radiol 2014; 6(10): 756-778 [PMID: 25349661 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i10.756]

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