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World J Radiol. Aug 28, 2026; 18(8): 119018
Published online Aug 28, 2026. doi: 10.4329/wjr.119018
Table 1 Risk factors for hemorrhagic complications after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage[6]
Patient related factors
Technique related factors
Advanced age (≥ 73 years)Large bore puncture needle (18G)
Chronic kidney diseaseCentral duct puncture
CirrhosisMinimally/non-dilated biliary system
Deranged coagulation parametersMultiple number of punctures and catheters
Ongoing use of antithrombotic agentsPresence of ascites


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