Computed tomography radiomics-based machine learning nomogram for preoperative prediction of glypican-3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Comparison of clinical and imaging characteristics between the training and testing cohorts, n (%)/mean ± SD

Demographics	Training set (n = 72)		P value	Testing set (n = 31)		P value	P value
	GPC3 (+)	GPC3 (-)		GPC3 (+)	GPC3 (-)
Age	55.05 ± 10.69	57.21 ± 9.08	0.377	55.14 ± 9.25	52.50 ± 3.54	0.695	0.662
CEA (ng/mL)	10.31 ± 42.90	2.76 ± 1.65	0.357	4.75 ± 6.70	1.94 ± 0.83	0.563	0.647
Sex			1.000			0.100	0.421
Male	37 (84.09)	23 (82.14)		23 (79.31)	-
Female	7 (15.91)	5 (17.86)		6 (20.69)	2 (100.00)
Viral hepatitis			0.229			1.000	0.639
0	31 (70.45)	15 (53.57)		21 (72.41)	1 (50.00)
1	13 (29.55)	13 (46.43)		8 (27.59)	1 (50.00)
TBIL (μmol/L)			< 0.001			0.897	0.057
0	11 (25.00)	20 (71.43)		20 (68.97)	2 (100.00)
1	33 (75.00)	8 (28.57)		9 (31.03)	-
DBIL (μmol/L)			0.137			0.749	0.530
0	16 (36.36)	16 (57.14)		11 (37.93)	-
1	28 (63.64)	12 (42.86)		18 (62.07)	2 (100.00)
IBIL (μmol/L)			0.727			0.100	0.070
0	22 (50.00)	16 (57.14)		23 (79.31)	-
1	22 (50.00)	12 (42.86)		6 (20.69)	2 (100.00)
ALT (U/L)			0.758			0.749	0.015
0	27 (61.36)	19 (67.86)		11 (37.93)	-
1	17 (38.64)	9 (32.14)		18 (62.07)	2 (100.00)
AST (U/L)			0.448			0.897	0.017
0	23 (52.27)	18 (64.29)		9 (31.03)	-
1	21 (47.73)	10 (35.71)		20 (68.97)	2 (100.00)
TP (g/L)			0.163			1.000	0.397
0	30 (68.18)	24 (85.71)		19 (65.52)	1 (50.00)
1	14 (31.82)	4 (14.29)		10 (34.48)	1 (50.00)
ALB (g/L)			1.000			1.000	0.300
0	31 (70.45)	20 (71.43)		17 (58.62)	1 (50.00)
1	13 (29.55)	8 (28.57)		12 (41.38)	1 (50.00)
GLB (g/L)			0.638			0.724	0.704
0	38 (86.36)	26 (92.86)		25 (86.21)	1 (50.00)
1	6 (13.64)	2 (7.14)		4 (13.79)	1 (50.00)
AFP (ng/mL)			< 0.001			0.327	0.684
0	13 (29.55)	22 (78.57)		11 (37.93)	2 (100.00)
1	31 (70.45)	6 (21.43)		18 (62.07)	-
Liver cirrhosis			0.229			1.000	1.000
0	13 (29.55)	13 (46.43)		10 (34.48)	1 (50.00)
1	31 (70.45)	15 (53.57)		19 (65.52)	1 (50.00)
Ascites			0.597			0.724	0.280
0	2 (4.55)	3 (10.71)		4 (13.79)	1 (50.00)
1	42 (95.45)	25 (89.29)		25 (86.21)	1 (50.00)
Portal vein tumor thrombus			1.000			0.449	0.940
0	5 (11.36)	4 (14.29)		2 (6.90)	1 (50.00)
1	39 (88.64)	24 (85.71)		27 (93.10)	1 (50.00)

GPC3: Glypican-3; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; IBIL: Indirect bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; GLB: Globulin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.