Magnetic resonance imaging-based deep-learning radiomics score for survival prediction and risk stratification in pediatric hepatoblastoma receiving surgical resection

Table 2 Predication performance of clinical variables, deep learning-based radiomics score, and integrated nomogram models for prognostication of event-free survival in the training and testing cohorts of hepatoblastoma patients receiving surgical resection

Models	Training set				Testing set
	C-index (95%CI)	IBS (95%CI)	HR (95%CI)	P value	C-index (95%CI)	IBS (95%CI)	HR (95%CI)	P value
Clinical variables
Age	0.443 (0.435-0.450)	0.066 (0.054-0.077)	1.145 (0.546-2.402)	0.720	0.435 (0.426-0.443)	0.040 (0.028-0.052)	1.087 (0.468-2.527)	0.846
Gender	0.517 (0.510-0.524)	0.002 (-0.018-0.023)	1.178 (0.558-2.486)	0.668	0.500 (0.493-0.508)	0.003 (-0.000-0.007)	1.033 (0.423-2.523)	0.944
Histological subtype	0.545 (0.535-0.556)	-0.020 (-0.040 to -0.001)	1.672 (0.390-7.165)	0.377	0.569 (0.556-0.583)	-0.103 (-0.168 to -0.038)	0.784 (0.104-5.911)	0.549
PRETEXT stage	0.633 (0.624-0.642)	-0.963 (-1.063 to -0.863)	2.610 (1.318-5.167)	0.006	0.650 (0.639-0.660)	-1.368 (-1.490 to -1.246)	2.578 (1.181-5.629)	0.017
Maximum tumor size	0.576 (0.561-0.590)	-0.289 (-0.316 to -0.262)	1.108 (0.975-1.259)	0.116	0.622 (0.608-0.636)	-0.898 (-0.962 to -0.833)	1.186 (1.015-1.386)	0.031
Multifocality	0.632 (0.625-0.640)	-0.746 (-0.820 to -0.671)	1.621 (0.862-3.047)	0.134	0.603 (0.592-0.614)	-0.383 (-0.436 to -0.331)	1.309 (0.639-2.680)	0.462
Local lymph node involvement	0.508 (0.506-0.511)	-0.036 (-0.047 to -0.024)	1.289 (0.175-9.490)	0.803	0.511 (0.508-0.514)	-0.091 (-0.109 to -0.073)	1.630 (0.220-12.091)	0.633
Serum AFP concentration	0.620 (0.611-0.629)	-0.827 (-0.912 to -0.741)	2.873 (1.397-5.910)	0.004	0.647 (0.636-0.657)	-1.412 (-1.540 to -1.284)	3.194 (1.370-7.446)	0.007
DLBR score	0.610 (0.599-0.620)	0.246 (0.042-0.449)	0.000 (0.000-0.002)	< 0.001	0.642 (0.633-0.652)	0.378 (0.162-0.593)	0.000 (0.000-0.004)	< 0.001
Clinical modela	0.633 (0.624-0.643)	-0.923 (-1.022 to -0.825)	/	/	0.653 (0.643-0.664)	-1.384 (-1.508 to -1.261)	/	/
Integrated nomogram1	0.669 (0.661-0.677)	-0.634 (-0.894 to -0.375)	/	/	0.696 (0.688-0.704)	-0.760 (-1.017 to -0.503)	/	/

^aThe clinical model was constructed by significant clinical variables, 2017 PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor stage, and serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration, which were evaluated by multivariate Cox regression analysis with a P value less than 0.05 in the training cohort.

¹The integrated nomogram model was composed of significant clinical variables and the deep learning-based radiomics score.

PRETEXT: 2017 PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; DLBR: Deep learning-based radiomics; CI: Confidence interval; IBS: Integrated Brier score; HR: Hazard ratio.