Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive steatosis biomarkers with magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction as gold standard

Table 1 Noninvasive biomarkers for predicting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in this study

Biomarkers	Component and formula
Steatosis biomarkers
FLI	FLI = 100/ (1 + e-z); Z = 0.953 × lnTG (mg/dL) + 0.139 × BMI (kg/m2) + 0.718 × lnGGT (IU/L) + 0.053 × WC (cm) - 15.745
HSI	HSI = 8 × ALT/AST + BMI (kg/m2) + 2 (if diabetes) + 2 (if female)
ZJU index	ZJU index = BMI (kg/m2) + FBG (mmol/L) + TG (mmol/L) + 3 × ALT/AST + 2 (if female)
FSI	FSI = 100/ (1 + e-z); Z = -7.981 + 0.011 × age (years) – 0.146 × sex (female = 1, male = 0) + 0.173 × BMI + 0.007 × TG (mg/dL) + 0.593 × hypertension (yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.789 × diabetes (yes = 1, no = 0) + 1.1 × ALT/AST ratio ≥ 1.33 (yes = 1, no = 0)
TyG index	TyG index = ln (TG (mg/dL) × FBG (mg/dL)/2)
VAI	VAI (male)= [WC (cm)/39.68 + (1.88 × BMI (kg/m2))] × (TG (mmol/L)/1.03) × (1. 31/HDL (mmol/L)); VAI (female) = [WC (cm)/36.58 + (1.89 × BMI (kg/m2))] × (TG (mmol/L)/0.81) × (1.52/HDL (mmol/L))
Fibrosis biomarkers
NFS	NFS = -1.675 + 0.037 × age (years) + 0.094 × BMI (kg/m2) + 1.13 × (hyperglycemia; yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.99 × AST/ALT ratio - 0.013 × platelet (× 109/L) - 0.66 × albumin (g/dL)
FIB-4	FIB-4 = age (years)× AST (IU/L)/platelet (× 109/L) × ALT (IU/L)1/2

FLI: Fatty liver index; HSI: Hepatic steatosis index; FSI: Framingham steatosis index; TyG: Triglycerides and glucose; VAI: Visceral adiposity index; NFS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score; FIB-4: Fibrosis-4 index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; TG: Triglyceride; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; WC: Waist circumference.