Large language models and large concept models in radiology: Present challenges, future directions, and critical perspectives

Figure 2 Architectural contrast of data processing in large language models vs large concept models. This diagram contrasts the linear, text-focused processing of large language model (LLM) with the integrative, multimodal architecture of large concept models (LCMs). A: LLM - language-centric flow: Text input flows into a centralized language processing core, producing text-based output. This represents LLM’ sequential, language-driven pipeline; B: LCM - multimodal concept integration: Multiple input types - text, image, audio, structured data - converge into a more complex processing core capable of extracting and reasoning over abstract, cross-modal concepts. The output is richer and reflects a broader understanding that spans diverse modalities. LLM: Large language model; LCM: Large concept model.