Pseudoaneurysm formation following transarterial embolization of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with detachable balloon: An institutional cohort long-term study

Table 4 Comparative therapeutic outcomes in patients harboring traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula treated with transarterial detachable balloon embolization from different centers

Ref.	Total cases	Total fistula treated with DB	Balloon type	Preservation of ICA (%)	Recurrence (%)	Pseudoaneurysm (%)	Other balloon-related complications (n)
Debrun et al[12], 1981	54	54	Latex	59.0	9.3	44.0	Transient oculomotor nerve palsy (11)
Tsai et al[13], 1983	58	43	Latex	N/A	2.3	32.5	Migration of deflated balloon into the ICA (2); delayed stroke (1)
Berthelsen and Svendsen[14], 1987	14	10	Latex	N/A	21.4	N/A	Transient ischemic attack (1); migration of balloon into MCA (1)
Higashida et al[26], 1989	206	206	Silicone	88.0	0	2.4	Oculomotor nerve palsy (1); ischemic stroke (5)
Lewis et al[27], 1995	100	88	Latex/Silicone	75.0	5.7	N/A	Transient ischemia episodes (3); death (1)
Wu et al[28], 2000	482	471	Latex	84.0	3.3	N/A	Cerebral infarction (2); vision loss (1)
Luo et al[29], 2004	143	143	Latex	81.0	11.2	N/A	N/A
Szkup and Beningfield[30], 2005	34	34	Latex	53.0	N/A	N/A	Transient hemiparesis (1)
Gupta et al[31], 2006	89	79	Latex	98.0	0	N/A	Transient cranial palsy (1)
Wang et al[22], 2011	51	44	Latex	85.0	11.4	18.2	None
Malan et al[25], 2012	32	17	Latex	66.0	15.6	N/A	Balloon displacement (3); balloon rupture or deflation (8)
Xu et al[32], 2013	58	58	Latex	87.9	12.1	N/A	None
Chi et al[20], 2014	172	138	Latex	70.0	9.8	N/A	Transient hemiparesis (1); transient oculomotor nerve palsy (1); vagal shock, death (1)
Gao et al[21], 2018	188	182	Latex	85.7	13.9	N/A	Cerebral embolism (1); abducent nerve paralysis (2)
Niu et al[19], 2020	24	21	Latex	90.4	8.3	4.2	Oculomotor and abducens nerve palsy (1); abducens nerve palsy (1)
Present study	79	79	Latex	92.4	16.5	67.1	Early detachment and migration of balloon (1); transient oculomotor nerve palsy (3)

DB: Detachable balloon; ICA: Internal carotid artery; N/A: Data not applicable; TCCF: Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula; MCA: Middle cerebral artery.