Pseudoaneurysm formation following transarterial embolization of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with detachable balloon: An institutional cohort long-term study

Table 2 Summary of the 79 patients treated with transarterial balloon embolization

Patient characteristics	Number of patients, n (%)
Sex
Male	56 (70.9)
Female	23 (29.1)
Cause of injury
Motor vehicle accident	75 (94.9)
Assault	2 (2.5)
Falling from height	1 (1.27)
Gunshot wound	1 (1.27)
Symptoms
Pulsatile proptosis	61 (77.2)
Conjunctival chemosis	39 (49.4)
Red eye	49 (62.0)
Tinnitus	28 (35.4)
Visual impairment	9 (11.4)
Cranial nerve palsy	8 (10.1)
Hemiparesis	2 (2.5)
Fistula characteristics
Side
Right	40 (50.6)
Left	39 (49.4)
Location
C1	1 (1.3)
C2	7 (8.9)
C3	26 (32.9)
C4	25 (31.6)
C5	20 (25.3)
Size
Small	14 (17.7)
Medium	31 (39.2)
Large	34 (43.1)
Result of treatment
Number of balloons used
One	51(64.6)
Two	20 (25.3)
Three	8 (10.1)
Recurrence of fistula	13 (16.5)
ICA preservation	73 (92.4)
The occurrence of pseudoaneurysm
Grade 0-No pseudoaneurysm	24 (32.9)
Grade 1-Small pseudoaneurysm	22 (30.1)
Grade 2-Medium pseudoaneurysm	18 (24.7)
Grade 3-Large pseudoaneurysm	9 (12.3)
Grade 4-Giant pseudoaneurysm	0 (0)

ICA: Internal carotid artery.