Bone morphogenetic protein-4 and transforming growth factor-beta1 mechanisms in acute valvular response to supra-physiologic hemodynamic stresses

Figure 2 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 immunostaining. Tissue exposed for 48 h to: (A) physiologic fluid shear stress (FSS), (B) supra-physiologic FSS magnitude, and (C) supra-physiologic FSS frequency in standard medium and medium supplemented with BMP-4 [+(BMP-4)], noggin [-(BMP-4)], TGF-β1 [+(TGF-β1)] or SB-431542 [-(TGF-β1)] (F: Fibrosa; green: Positively stained cells; blue: Cell nucleus). ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-beta1; BMP-4: Bone morphogenic protein-4.