Bone morphogenetic protein-4 and transforming growth factor-beta1 mechanisms in acute valvular response to supra-physiologic hemodynamic stresses

Figure 1 Tissue conditioning methodology and fluid shear stress environments. A: Schematic of the double-sided cone-and-plate bioreactor; B: Physiologic fluid shear stress (FSS); C: Supra-physiologic FSS magnitude at physiologic frequency; D: Supra-physiologic FSS frequency at physiologic magnitude.