Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction

Table 1 Causes of troponin elevation

System	Causes of troponin elevation
Cardiovascular	Acute aortic dissection
	Arrhythmia
	Medical ICU patients
	Hypotension
	Heart failure
	Apical ballooning syndrome
	Cardiac inflammation
	Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis
	Hypertension
	Infiltrative disease
	Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, scleroderma
	Left ventricular hypertrophy
Myocardial injury	Blunt chest trauma
	Cardiac surgeries
	Cardiac procedures
	Ablation, cardioversion, percutaneous intervention
	Chemotherapy
	Hypersensitivity drug reactions
	Envenomation
Respiratory	Acute PE
	ARDS
Infectious/immune	Sepsis/SIRS
	Viral illness
	Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Gastrointestinal	Severe GI bleeding
Nervous system	Acute stroke
	Ischemic stroke
	Hemorrhagic stroke
	Head trauma
Renal	Chronic kidney disease
Endocrine	Diabetes
	Hypothyroidism
Musculoskeletal	Rhabdomyolysis
Integumentary	Extensive skin burns
Inherited	Neurofibromatosis
	Duchenne muscular dystrophy
	Klippel-Feil syndrome
Others	Endurance exercise
	Environmental exposure
	Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide

GI: Gastrointestinal; ICU: Intensive care unit; PE: Pulmonary embolus; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome.