Serum creatinine role in predicting outcome after cardiac surgery beyond acute kidney injury

Table 2 Risk factors for acute kidney injury

Preoperative	Intraoperative
Patient related	Patient related
Renal dysfunction/high SCr1	Low venous compliance
Advanced age	Low systemic vascular resistance
Female gender	Autoregulatory systems disturbances
NYHA FC IVReduced LVEF or CHF	Low output syndrome(pressor/IABP need)
Left main CAD	Type of surgery
Diabetes mellitus	Valvular
Poor glycemic control	Re do surgery
Peripheral vascular disease	Emergency
COPD
Coexisting liver disease
Preoperative IABP
Pulmonary rales
Genetic predisposition
Modifiable	Procedure related3
Extremes of SBP2	On-pump cardiac surgery
Sepsis2	Nonpulsatile flow on CPB
Medications (NSAID, ARB)	Hypothermic CPB
Contrast dye	Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
	Duration of CPB (> 100-120 min)
	Perfusion pressure
	Hemodilution during CPB
	Blood transfusion
	Hemolysis
	Embolism

¹Risk factors with higher level of evidence are in bold;

²both patient related and modifiable;

³and also modifiable. NYHA FC IV: New York Heart Association Function class IV; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CAD: Coronary artery disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; SCr: Serum creatinine.