Stem cell mechanisms during left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction: Repair and regeneration

Table 1 Stem cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes

Cell type	Method of differentiation	Ref.
ESCs	EB-mediated differentiation	[17,18]
iPS	Transdifferentiation of iPS cell factor-based reprogrammed cardiac fibroblasts using EB-based method + transwell CM co-culture system	[19]
	Direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts in vivo by local delivery of GMT	[21]
	Suspension EB-mediated differentiation of reprogrammed adult fibroblasts	[22,23]
Bone marrow MSC	In vitro differentiation induced by treatment with 5-azacytadine	[27,28]
	In vivo differentiation of stem cells transplanted and mobilized to damaged myocardium	[29]
	In vivo differentiation of stem cells engrafted into the myocardium	[30]
	Differentiation using a cardiomyogenic differentiation medium containing insulin, DMSO, and ascorbic acid	[31]
Adipose-derived MSC	Co-culture in direct contact with contracting cardiomyocytes	[37]
	DMSO at 0.1% for 48 h	[38]
Amniotic fluid SCs	In vivo differentiation of cells transplanted into myocardium	[33]
	In vitro differentiation through EB formation	[35]
Umbilical cord blood SCs	Co-culture with primary rat neonatal ventricular myocytes	[32]
	Co-culture with mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes	[34]
Wharton's Jelly MSCs	In vitro differentiation induced by treatment with 5-azacytadine or by culture in cardiomyocyte CM	[36]
CS	Co-culture with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	[41]
CSP	Treatment with oxytocin or trichostatin A	[48]

ESC: Embryonic stem cell; EB: Embryoid body; iPS: Induced pluripotent stem cells; SCs: Stem cells; CM: Conditioned medium; GMT: Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide; CS: Cardiospheres; CSP: Cardiac side population.