Coronary-cameral fistulas in adults (first of two parts)

Table 3 Fistula characteristics in congenital and acquired coronary-cameral fistulas in adults

	Congenital CCFs (0.07%)[1]			Acquired CCFs
				Latrogenic CCFs			Accidental CCFs
	Solitary Macro CCFs (large≥1.5 mm)	Solitary Macro CCFs (small ≤1.5 mm)	Multiple Micro MMFs	Post-SM	Post-EMB	Post-pacing	Blunt or sharp chest trauma
Prevalence/incidence	0.03%[1]	0.04%[1]	0.09%[1]	19%-23%[5,56]	2.8%-23.2%[57-60]	Unknown	Unknown
Fistula characteristics
Origin	Proximal segment of coronary arteries		Distal segment of coronary arteries	Septal perforator	RCA>LAD> Cx	LCA	RCA or LAD
Termination	Any cardiac chamber		LV > RV	LV	RV	Any cardiac chamber	RV or LV
Management	CMM/SL/PTE		CMM (100%)	SC (78%)/CMM 11%	SC (27%)	CMM/SC	Surgical repair (100%)
			Incidentally ICD	PTE 11%

CMM: Conservative medical management; EMB: Endomyocardial biopsy; LA: Left atrium; LAD: Left anterior descending artery; LCA: Left coronary artery; LV: Left ventricle; PTE: Percutaneous therapeutic embolization; RA: Right atrium; RCA: Right coronary artery; RV: Right ventricle; SC: Spontaneous closure; SL: Surgical ligation; SM: Septal myectomy; CCFs: Coronary-cameral fistulas.