Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors regulate redox signaling in the cardiovascular system

Figure 2 Antioxidant mechanisms of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activate antioxidant genes via transcriptional regulation by binding on PPAR response element (PPRE) of promoter region of target genes. PPARs suppress nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells via interaction with p50 and p65 resulting in decreased inflammatory response and oxidative stress. PPARs suppress phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Rac1 signaling axis via activation of PTEN resulting in decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS). RXR: Retinoid X receptor. sod: Superoxide dismutase; trx: Thioredoxin; gpx: Glutathione peroxidase; ho: Heme oxygenase.