Air pollution and heart failure: Relationship with the ejection fraction

Table 1 Clinical variables of 353 consecutive patients with heart failure: Comparison between patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction and patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction n (%)

Variables	HF-PEF(n = 124)	HF-REF(n = 229)	P value
Age (yr)	69 ± 8	66 ± 12	0.01
Male gender	56 (45.2)	154 (67.2)	< 0.001
Hypertension	75 (60.5)	84 (36.7)	< 0.001
Hypercholesterolemia	35 (28.2)	52 (22.7)	0.25
Smokers	14 (11.3)	40 (17.5)	0.12
Diabetes	45 (36.3)	104 (45.4)	0.09
LVEF (%)	55 ± 9	33 ± 6	< 0.001

Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and n (%) for categorical variables. HF-PEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HF-REF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction.