Circulating endothelial and progenitor cells: Evidence from acute and long-term exercise effects

Table 1 Summary of endothelial progenitor cell levels in different disease populations

Disease	Results	Comments	Ref.
Aging	↓ EPCs proliferation		[20,22]
	↓ EPCs migration
	↓ EPCs survival
Coronary heart disease	↓ EPC activity		[29]
	↓ EPC migratory capacity
CHF	↑ EPC levels in mild stages[34,35]		[34-36]
	↑ EPC levels in acute exacerbation[36]
	↑ Late apoptotic progenitors[35]
	↓ EPC levels in advanced stages[34,35]
LVADs	↑ EPC levels		[38,39]
PAH	↑ EPC levels[42,45,46]	Conflicting results	[42-46]
	↓ EPC levels[43,44]
Critical illness	↑ EPC levels in sepsis and septic shock[47,49]		[47-49]
	↑ EPC levels in early acute lung injury[48]
COPD	↑ EPC levels[52]	Conflicting results	[52-56]
	↓ EPC levels[53,54]
	↑ EPC levels in exacerbation of COPD[55]
	↓ EPC mobilization and colony-forming capacity[56]
OSA	↑ EPC levels[58,60]	Conflicting results	[57-60]
	↓ EPC levels[59]
	- No difference[57]
Diabetes mellitus type Iand II	↓ EPC levels		[61-65]
Cerebrovascular disease	↓ EPC levels in stroke[66]		[66-69]
	- No difference in ischemic stroke[67]
	↑ EPC levels in acute ischemic stroke[67]
	↓ EPC levels in atherothrombotic cerebral ischemic event[68]
	↓ EPC colony forming in acute stroke[69]
PAD	↑ EPC levels in moderate phase		[71,72]
	↑ EPC levels in advance phase
Arterial hypertension	↑ EPC levels in early stage of hypertension[73]		[19,73,74]
	↓ EPC migratory capacity in CAD and hypertension[19]
	- No difference on EPC levels in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive[74]
Obesity	↓ EPC levels[75-77]		[75-79]
	↓ EPC colony forming capacity[76]

EPC: Endothelial progenitor cell; CHF: Chronic heart failure; LVAD: Left ventricular assist device; PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; CAD: Coronary artery disease.