Cardiorespiratory coordination: Historical development of analysis methods, current state, and future research prospects

Table 3 Principal distinctions between arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, and chronic ischemic heart disease relevant to cardiorespiratory coordination hypothesis formulation

Characteristic	AH	MI	CIHD
Clinical course	Chronic, relatively stable (with adequate therapy)[28]	Acute, followed by a recovery phase[65]	Chronic, progressive, with episodes of exacerbation[66]
Primary pathophysiological process	Functional and structural vascular remodeling; elevated blood pressure[67]	Acute coronary occlusion resulting in myocardial necrosis[65]	Atherosclerosis with recurrent ischemia-reperfusion episodes in the absence of necrosis[63]
Mechanism of ischemia	May arise from coronary microvascular dysfunction even in the absence of atherosclerotic lesions in the epicardial arteries[68]	Acute mismatch between myocardial oxygen delivery and demand, precipitated by complete and abrupt coronary artery occlusion[69]	Chronic mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, most often attributable to long-standing atherosclerotic obstruction of the coronary arteries[70]
Autonomic regulation dynamics	Sustained imbalance with no tendency toward recovery[51-53]	Sympathetic activation with potential for compensatory recovery[61]	Gradual parasympathetic withdrawal with progressive sympathetic activation[71]

The distinctions outlined above correspond to the classical, uncomplicated presentations of these conditions. However, in the presence of comorbidities or at advanced disease stages, these boundaries may become less distinct. AH: Arterial hypertension; MI: Myocardial infarction; CIHD: Chronic ischemic heart disease.