Development and internal validation of a rapid bedside score for predicting in-hospital mortality in acute heart failure

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with acute heart failure stratified by in-hospital mortality, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	Patients (n = 123)	Survivors (n = 103)	Non-survivors (n = 20)	P value
Age (years)	71.34 ± 13.98	70.3 ± 14.34	76.4 ± 10.85	0.039
Male sex	62 (50.4)	52 (50.4)	10 (50)	0.968
Smoking	28 (22.76)	26 (25.24)	2 (10)	0.137
Hypertension	107 (86.99)	91 (88.34)	16 (80)	0.31
Obesity	49 (39.83)	37 (35.92)	12 (60)	0.044
Dyslipidaemia	113 (91.86)	98 (95.14)	15 (75)	0.003
Diabetes mellitus	49 (39.83)	40 (38.83)	9 (45)	0.606
AF/atrial flutter	56 (45.52)	46 (44.66)	10 (50)	0.661
ADHF	100 (81.3)	86 (83.49)	14 (70)	0.157
APE	23 (18.69)	17 (16.51)	6 (30)	0.157
Cardiogenic shock	11 (8.94)	3 (2.91)	8 (40)	< 0.001
Leg oedema	73 (59.34)	58 (56.31)	15 (75)	0.119
Pleural effusion	27 (21.95)	16 (15.53)	11 (55)	< 0.001
Ascites	5 (4.06)	3 (2.91)	2 (10)	0.142
Pulmonary rales	73 (59.34)	56 (54.36)	17 (85)	0.011
Jugular vein distension	56 (45.53)	41 (39.81)	15 (75)	0.003
SaO2	93.2 ± 5.24	93.94 ± 4.16	89.8 ± 8.24	0.04
SBP (mmHg)	142.59 ± 29.54	144.33 ± 27.43	133.6 ± 38.226	0.244
DBP (mmHg)	85.83 ± 16.68	87.84 ± 15.747	75.45 ± 17.91	0.002
Heart rate (bpm)	100.98 ± 28.12	101.5 ± 29.18	98.3 ± 22.32	0.644
LVEF (%)	41.21 ± 16.78	41.15 ± 16.58	41.5 ± 18.23	0.934
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	12.78 ± 2.21	12.87 ± 2.22	12.35 ± 2.19	0.338
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	62.98 ± 22.72	64.86 ± 22.23	53.3 ± 23.33	0.037
Blood urea (mg/dL)	56.94 ± 28.51	54.08 ± 27.77	71.38 ± 28.48	0.013
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	137.12 ± 4.6	137.54 ± 4.1	134.95 ± 6.56	0.103
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	4.31 ± 0.73	4.32 ± 0.73	4.25 ± 0.79	0.682
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	9228.3 ± 9736.4	7569.6 ± 8565.9	17770.8 ± 11093.4	0.001
pH	7.38 ± 0.07	7.39 ± 0.07	7.34 ± 0.06	0.002
PaO2 (mmHg)	65.72 ± 30.14	68.59 ± 31.5	50.95 ± 15.22	< 0.001
PaCO2 (mmHg)	33.47 ± 8.48	32.69 ± 8.54	37.5 ± 7.07	0.011
Lactate (mmol/L)	2.31 ± 1.59	2.11 ± 1.47	3.35 ± 1.83	0.009

AF: Atrial fibrillation; ADHF: Acute decompensated heart failure; APE: Acute pulmonary oedema; SaO₂: Oxygen saturation; BP: Blood pressure; bpm: Beats per minute; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PaCO₂: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.