Left and right ventricular echocardiographic patterns in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: An exploratory retrospective study

Table 3 Echocardiographic parameters according to ventilatory support requirements (n = 28)

Parameter	No ventilation, median (IQR)	NIV, median (IQR)	IMV, median (IQR)	P value
TAPSE	19.00 (15.75-28.00)	20.00 (17.50-24.00)	20.50 (17.75-23.25)	0.916
S RV	12.35 (10.50-13.60)	11.70 (9.00-12.20)	11.45 (9.75-12.43)	0.483
S LV	6.70 (5.83-8.20)	7.00 (6.00-7.75)	6.75 (6.12-7.05)	0.683
S LV/S RV	0.62 (0.48-0.73)	0.62 (0.52-0.80)	0.62 (0.57-0.69)	0.865
RV-RA gradient	31.0 (17.75-40.25)	29.0 (21.50-34.50)	29.5 (26.75-35.50)	0.816
E/E’	12.29 (10.89-15.48)	11.44 (9.97-13.92)	13.61 (9.85-18.17)	0.680
LVOT VTI	16.40 (13.55-21.75)	15.00 (13.50-18.50)	15.75 (14.72-17.62)	0.800
LVEF	38.0 (27.25-54.00)	38.0 (30.50-45.00)	28.0 (20.75-40.00)	0.580

Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range. Patients were categorized into three groups: No ventilatory support, non-invasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation. Comparisons across groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. E/E’: Ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; RV-RA gradient: Right ventricle-right atrium systolic pressure gradient; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT VTI: Left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; S LV: Systolic velocity of the lateral mitral annulus; S RV: Systolic velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus; IQR: Interquartile range.