Left and right ventricular echocardiographic patterns in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: An exploratory retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic characteristics of the study cohort (n = 28)

Variable	Total (n = 28)	Survivors (n = 24)	Non-survivors (n = 4)	P value
Age (years)	73.82 ± 12.14	74.12 ± 11.68	72.00 ± 16.57	0.819
Male sex, %	61.9	64.7	50.0	0.618
Smoking, %	21.4	20.8	25.0	1.000
Hypertension, %	100.0	100.0	100.0	1.000
Dyslipidemia, %	96.4	100.0	75.0	0.143
Obesity, %	29.6	30.4	25.0	1.000
Diabetes mellitus, %	53.6	50.0	75.0	0.600
Valvular heart disease, %	71.4	75.0	50.0	0.555
Systolic BP (mmHg)	173.39 ± 38.52	172.58 ± 39.94	178.25 ± 33.05	0.772
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	99.39 ± 21.23	99.75 ± 22.59	97.25 ± 11.70	0.746
Heart rate (bpm)	105.61 ± 23.04	105.75 ± 24.69	104.75 ± 10.24	0.892
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	10513.96 ± 10381.23	9955.83 ± 10293.27	13862.75 ± 11840.24	0.569
TAPSE (mm)	22.61 ± 8.20	23.29 ± 8.61	18.50 ± 3.32	0.072
LVOT VTI (cm)	16.20 ± 4.52	16.03 ± 4.72	17.23 ± 3.34	0.561
RV-RA gradient (mmHg)	28.93 ± 9.74	29.00 ± 10.51	28.50 ± 2.65	0.845
LVEF (%)	38.68 ± 15.42	38.83 ± 15.07	37.75 ± 19.92	0.923

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, and categorical variables as percentages. Comparisons between survivors and non-survivors were performed using the Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate, for continuous variables, and the χ² test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Valvular heart disease: ≥ moderate dysfunction of any cardiac valve. BP: Blood pressure; LVOT VTI: Left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; RV-RA: Right ventricular to right atrial pressure gradient; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.