Isolated knee extension resistance training and functional outcomes in patients with heart failure: A narrative review

Table 2 Description of effects of isolated knee extension resistance training on functioning in patients with heart failure

Ref.	Types of exercise	Effects on symptoms	Muscle fitness	Cardiorespiratory fitness	Health-related quality of life
Jankowska et al[26], 2008	KERT	Improvement in NYHA clinical status, some effects resolved after detraining	Quadriceps strength increased ± 37% right, ± 31% left	6MWT distance and total exercise time increased, but VO2 peak did not change	Increases after training, does not persist after detraining
Jónsdóttir et al[28], 2006	KERT	No significant NYHA changes	Quadriceps strength increased significantly	6MWT distance increased significantly, VO2 peak did not change	The exercise capacity subcategory increased significantly, total HRQoL was not significant
Gordon et al[34], 1996	One-legged and two-legged dynamic KERT	There was no significant change in symptoms	Peak workload on both legs increased significantly, and there was no significant increase on one leg	VO2 peak unchanged	Not reported
Gordon et al[33], 1997	Two-legged dynamic KERT	There was no significant change in symptoms	Quadriceps strength increased	VO2 peak unchanged	Training improved the quality of life
Magnusson et al[31], 1996	Strength training (KERT)/endurance training (one-leg dynamic KERT)	There was no significant change in symptoms	Strength: ± 40% increase in isometric and dynamic strength; Endurance: ± 24% increase in isometric strength	Maximal exercise capacity increased by 10%-18%, and VO2 peak remained unchanged	Not reported
Esposito et al[10], 2011	Single-legged KERT	No change in NYHA	Quadriceps strength increased by 15%	Leg VO2 peak increased to control levels	Not reported
Hearon et al[11], 2022	Isolated KERT	PWR increases, and blood pressure during exercise decreases	Not reported	Absolute and relative VO2 peak increased, along with an increase in a-vO2 difference	Not reported
Laoutaris et al[27], 2013	AT/RT/IMT	Improved functional capacity and clinical status	Quadriceps strength increased	VO2 peak increases	Significant increase
Tyni-Lenné et al[12], 1996	Bilateral dynamic KERT	No significant change in symptoms	PWR increased significantly	6MWT distance increased significantly	Significant increase
Tyni-Lenné et al[36], 1998	KERT	No significant change in symptoms	PWR increased significantly	6MWT distance increased significantly	Significant increase

KERT: Knee extension resistance training; AT: Aerobic training; RT: Resistance training; IMT: Inspiratory muscle training; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PWR: Peak work rate; 6MWT: Six-minute walk test; VO₂ peak: Peak oxygen uptake; a-vO₂: Arteriovenous oxygen; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life.