Machine learning-based detection of diabetes mellitus from single-lead electrocardiography: A phenotype-stratified approach

doi:10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217

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World Journal of Cardiology

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1949-8462

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Cardiol. Mar 26, 2026; 18(3): 116217
Published online Mar 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217

Table 3 Comparative descriptive statistics of the clusters, n (%)/mean ± SD

Factor	Statistic	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	P value
Age (years)		43.1 ± 16.2	62.1 ± 12.6	64.8 ± 12.2	64.8 ± 10.3	0.000
Sex	Female	72 (44.2)	112 (48.3)	53 (37.3)	23 (25.0)	0.001
Sex	Male	91 (55.8)	120 (51.7)	89 (62.7)	69 (75.0)
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction	No	146 (89.6)	166 (71.6)	51 (35.9)	44 (47.8)	0.000
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction	Yes	17 (10.4)	66 (28.4)	91 (64.1)	48 (52.2)
Atrial fibrillation at the time of single lead ECG registration	No	163 (100.0)	226 (97.4)	119 (83.8)	89 (96.7)	0.000
	Yes	0 (0.0)	6 (2.6)	23 (16.2)	3 (3.3)
Ejection fraction (%)		61.4 ± 5.7	61.5 ± 5.1	52.9 ± 12.1	58.7 ± 7.7	0.000
End diastolic volume (mL)		81.7 ± 24.4	87.7 ± 24.0	113.1 ± 51.4	101.0 ± 42.3	0.000
Left atrial volume index		30.3 ± 5.6	34.4 ± 7.8	42.3 ± 15.3	36.1 ± 6.9	0.000
Diabetes mellitus	No	131 (80.4)	163 (70.3)	108 (76.1)	56 (60.9)	0.005
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	32 (19.6)	69 (29.7)	34 (23.9)	36 (39.1)
Smoking	No	137 (84.0)	200 (86.2)	114 (80.3)	74 (80.4)	0.398
Smoking	Yes	26 (16.0)	32 (13.8)	28 (19.7)	18 (19.6)
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure		10.0 ± 0.0	10.0 ± 0.0	13.6 ± 9.3	10.0 ± 0.0	0.000
Hypertension_0	No	0 (0.0)	211 (90.9)	113 (79.6)	75 (81.5)	0.000
Hypertension_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	21 (9.1)	29 (20.4)	17 (18.5)
Hypertension_1	No	163 (100.0)	178 (76.7)	138 (97.2)	86 (93.5)	0.000
Hypertension_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	54 (23.3)	4 (2.8)	6 (6.5)
Hypertension_2	No	163 (100.0)	100 (43.1)	102 (71.8)	74 (80.4)	0.000
Hypertension_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	132 (56.9)	40 (28.2)	18 (19.6)
Hypertension_3	No	163 (100.0)	207 (89.2)	73 (51.4)	41 (44.6)	0.000
Hypertension_3	Yes	0 (0.0)	25 (10.8)	69 (48.6)	51 (55.4)
Ischemic heart disease_0	No	0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)	63 (44.4)	91 (98.9)	0.000
Ischemic heart disease_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	231 (99.6)	79 (55.6)	1 (1.1)
Ischemic heart disease_1	No	163 (100.0)	231 (99.6)	93 (65.5)	26 (28.3)	0.000
Ischemic heart disease_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)	49 (34.5)	66 (71.7)
Ischemic heart disease_2	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	128 (90.1)	67 (72.8)	0.000
Ischemic heart disease_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	14 (9.9)	25 (27.2)
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_0	No	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	24 (16.9)	0 (0.0)	0.000
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	118 (83.1)	92 (100.0)
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_1	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	128 (90.1)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	14 (9.9)	0 (0.0)
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_2	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	134 (94.4)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (5.6)	0 (0.0)
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_3	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	140 (98.6)	92 (100.0)	0.069
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction_3	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.4)	0 (0.0)
Chronic heart failure_0	No	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	67 (48.6)	0 (0.0)	0.000
Chronic heart failure_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	231 (100.0)	71 (51.4)	92 (100.0)
Chronic heart failure_1	No	163 (100.0)	231 (100.0)	131 (94.9)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Chronic heart failure_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (5.1)	0 (0.0)
Chronic heart failure_2	No	163 (100.0)	231 (100.0)	106 (76.8)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Chronic heart failure_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	32 (23.2)	0 (0.0)
Chronic heart failure_3	No	163 (100.0)	231 (100.0)	112 (81.2)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Chronic heart failure_3	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	26 (18.8)	0 (0.0)
Chronic heart failure_4	No	163 (100.0)	231 (100.0)	136 (98.6)	92 (100.0)	0.063
Chronic heart failure_4	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.4)	0 (0.0)
Aortic valve stenosis_0	No	0 (0.0)	55 (23.7)	59 (41.5)	17 (18.5)	0.000
Aortic valve stenosis_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	177 (76.3)	83 (58.5)	75 (81.5)
Aortic valve insufficiency_1	No	163 (100.0)	177 (76.3)	96 (67.6)	75 (81.5)	0.000
Aortic valve insufficiency_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	55 (23.7)	46 (32.4)	17 (18.5)
Aortic valve insufficiency_2	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	129 (90.8)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Aortic valve insufficiency_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	13 (9.2)	0 (0.0)
Aortic valve stenosis_0	No	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	22 (15.6)	0 (0.0)	0.000
Aortic valve stenosis_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	119 (84.4)	92 (100.0)
Aortic valve stenosis_1	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	127 (90.1)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Aortic valve stenosis_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	14 (9.9)	0 (0.0)
Aortic valve stenosis_2	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	135 (95.7)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Aortic valve stenosis_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	6 (4.3)	0 (0.0)
Aortic valve stenosis_3	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	139 (98.6)	92 (100.0)	0.078
Aortic valve stenosis_3	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.4)	0 (0.0)
Mitral valve insufficiency_0	No	59 (36.2)	145 (62.5)	121 (87.7)	61 (66.3)	0.000
Mitral valve insufficiency_0	Yes	104 (63.8)	87 (37.5)	17 (12.3)	31 (33.7)
Mitral valve insufficiency_1	No	104 (63.8)	102 (44.0)	52 (37.7)	33 (35.9)	0.000
Mitral valve insufficiency_1	Yes	59 (36.2)	130 (56.0)	86 (62.3)	59 (64.1)
Mitral valve insufficiency_2	No	163 (100.0)	217 (93.5)	110 (79.7)	90 (97.8)	0.000
Mitral valve insufficiency_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	15 (6.5)	28 (20.3)	2 (2.2)
Mitral valve insufficiency_3	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	131 (94.9)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Mitral valve insufficiency_3	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (5.1)	0 (0.0)
Mitral valve stenosis_0	No	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	9 (6.3)	0 (0.0)	0.000
Mitral valve stenosis_0	Yes	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	133 (93.7)	92 (100.0)
Mitral valve stenosis_1	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	134 (94.4)	92 (100.0)	0.000
Mitral valve stenosis_1	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (5.6)	0 (0.0)
Mitral valve stenosis_2	No	163 (100.0)	232 (100.0)	141 (99.3)	92 (100.0)	0.356
Mitral valve stenosis_2	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)

The numbers associated with the name of the diseases represent the stage of the disease. 0: Absent, 1: 1^st stage, 2: 2^nd stage, 3: 3^rd stage, 4: 4^th stage. ECG: Electrocardiography.

Full Size Table

Citation: Karbovskaya AD, Marzoog BA, Stroeva A, Suvorov A, Chomakhidze P, Gognieva D, Kuznetsova N, Syrkin A, Fadeev VV, Ismailova SM, Poluboyarinova IV, Kopylov P. Machine learning-based detection of diabetes mellitus from single-lead electrocardiography: A phenotype-stratified approach. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 116217
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v18/i3/116217.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217

Karbovskaya AD, Marzoog BA, Stroeva A, Suvorov A, Chomakhidze P, Gognieva D, Kuznetsova N, Syrkin A, Fadeev VV, Ismailova SM, Poluboyarinova IV, Kopylov P. Machine learning-based detection of diabetes mellitus from single-lead electrocardiography: A phenotype-stratified approach. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 116217 [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217]

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