Machine learning-based detection of diabetes mellitus from single-lead electrocardiography: A phenotype-stratified approach

doi:10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 18, Issue 3

This Article

(43)

(0)

(20)

(1)

(790)

(2)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Cardiology

ISSN

1949-8462

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Cardiol. Mar 26, 2026; 18(3): 116217
Published online Mar 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217

Table 2 Comparative statistics of the groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Factor	Index	Without DM	With DM	Р value
Age (years)		56.1 ± 17.1	63.7 ± 10.6	0.000
Sex	Female	177 (38.6)	83 (48.5)	0.032
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction	No	333 (72.7)	74 (43.3)	0.000
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction	Yes	125 (27.3)	97 (56.7)
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction_1 stage	No	340 (74.2)	84 (49.1)	0.000
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction_1 stage	Yes	118 (25.8)	87 (50.9)
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction 2_3 stage	No	418 (91.3)	132 (77.2)	0.000
Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction 2_3 stage	Yes	40 (8.7)	39 (22.8)
Hypertension degree	No	190 (41.5)	40 (23.4)	0.000
	1^st degree	39 (8.5)	25 (14.6)
	2^nd degree	140 (30.6)	50 (29.2)
	3^rd degree	89 (19.4)	56 (32.7)
Aterial fibrillation at the registration moment (from the single lead ECG)	No	435 (95.0)	162 (94.7)	1.000
	Yes	23 (5.0)	9 (5.3)
Ischemic heart disease	No	361 (78.8)	113 (66.1)	0.001
	1^st functional class	68 (14.8)	48 (28.1)
	2^nd functional class	29 (6.3)	10 (5.8)
Disturbance of cardiac rhythm and conduction	No	443 (96.7)	162 (94.7)	0.092
	1	11 (2.4)	3 (1.8)
	2	3 (0.7)	5 (2.9)
	3	1 (0.2)	1 (0.6)
Chronic heart failure	No	407 (89.6)	150 (88.2)	0.324
	1^st stage	7 (1.5)	0 (0.0)
	2^nd stage	22 (4.8)	10 (5.9)
	3^rd stage	17 (3.7)	9 (5.3)
	4^th stage	1 (0.2)	1 (0.6)
Aortic valve insufficiency	No	351 (76.6)	147 (86.0)	0.022
	1^st stage	95 (20.7)	23 (13.5)
	2^nd stage	12 (2.6)	1 (0.6)
Aortic valve stenosis	No	443 (96.7)	163 (95.9)	0.753
	1^st stage	9 (2.0)	5 (2.9)
	2^nd stage	4 (0.9)	2 (1.2)
	3^rd stage	2 (0.4)	0 (0.0)
Mitral valve insufficiency	No	134 (29.5)	105 (61.4)	0.000
	1^st stage	274 (60.4)	60 (35.1)
	2^nd stage	39 (8.6)	6 (3.5)
	3^rd stage	7 (1.5)	0 (0.0)
Mitral valve stenosis	No	454 (99.1)	166 (97.1)	0.053
	1^st stage	3 (0.7)	5 (2.9)
	2^nd stage	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)
Ejection fraction		59.5 ± 8.6	58.1 ± 8.0	0.005
Ejection fraction > 55	No	73 (15.9)	42 (24.6)	0.018
Ejection fraction > 55	Yes	385 (84.1)	129 (75.4)
Ejection fraction < 40	No	436 (95.2)	164 (95.9)	0.870
Ejection fraction < 40	Yes	22 (4.8)	7 (4.1)
Ejection fraction < 30	No	453 (98.9)	169 (98.8)	1.000
Ejection fraction < 30	Yes	5 (1.1)	2 (1.2)
End diastolic volume (mL)		93.8 ± 36.2	99.9 ± 46.7	0.632
Left atrial volume index		34.9 ± 11.1	36.7 ± 8.1	0.000
Smoking	No	371 (81.0)	154 (90.1)	0.009
Smoking	Yes	87 (19.0)	17 (9.9)
SDLA		11.0 ± 5.2	10.4 ± 2.7	0.176
HFNoise		60.7 ± 28.3	66.0 ± 25.5	0.003
RR		822.0 ± 156.2	811.2 ± 141.7	0.533
TpTe		89.4 ± 20.3	94.3 ± 29.7	0.487
VAT		38.8 ± 11.1	41.6 ± 13.4	0.020
QTc		425.8 ± 44.4	447.0 ± 52.4	0.000
QT_TQ		1.0 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.4	0.001
HFQRS		15919.9 ± 199679.8	10.3 ± 8.5	0.989
HFSNR		2.5 ± 2.3	2.1 ± 1.8	0.149
JA		-24.9 ± 57.7	-35.9 ± 81.8	0.054
J80A		1504.0 ± 31942.7	-3.8 ± 92.9	0.025
TA		185.0 ± 153.9	151.2 ± 162.2	0.006
QRSenergy		616.1 ± 557.9	728.6 ± 870.9	0.117
Tenergy		108.4 ± 101.3	111.7 ± 113.7	0.926
Tpenergy		77.0 ± 86.1	73.6 ± 89.1	0.218
Sbeta		0.9 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.9	0.003
Beta		0.8 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.5	0.000
QRS11energy		539.0 ± 692.3	713.6 ± 1339.7	0.075
QRS12energy		809.2 ± 1129.4	1074.5 ± 1901.7	0.077
QRS2energy		226.5 ± 301.4	305.8 ± 551.4	0.042
QRSE1		4730.9 ± 94779.9	2707.4 ± 34733.0	0.004
QRSE2		1303.9 ± 25310.4	164.5 ± 290.3	0.040
QRSE3		224.6 ± 202.5	266.1 ± 323.5	0.177
QRSE4		230.8 ± 189.8	238.7 ± 194.6	0.454
TE1		45.2 ± 57.1	54.0 ± 72.5	0.263
TE2		2548.4 ± 53784.0	31.7 ± 27.2	0.186
TE3		3621.5 ± 77261.8	9.5 ± 9.2	0.019
TE4		10275.1 ± 134000.1	5.2 ± 5.1	0.031
QRSw		88.7 ± 23.5	92.3 ± 25.9	0.078
PAn		67.3 ± 37.6	60.5 ± 40.1	0.081
Pan_1		-1.4 ± 17.6	-1.6 ± 10.3	0.981
RA		903.0 ± 414.2	916.9 ± 432.6	0.794
SA		180.0 ± 155.1	198.7 ± 209.0	0.632
Pst		217.6 ± 121.4	144.2 ± 123.3	0.000
Pfi		77.3 ± 77.0	101.5 ± 79.9	0.000
QRSst		165.6 ± 85.6	190.7 ± 88.4	0.000
QRSfi		436.2 ± 117.0	371.1 ± 169.8	0.000
Tfi		5.5 ± 170.3	293.1 ± 301.6	0.000
PpeakP		-67.5 ± 55.2	-7.2 ± 71.5	0.000
PpeakP		107.9 ± 81.7	80.7 ± 106.0	0.000
Rpeak		138.4 ± 92.7	197.8 ± 94.6	0.000
Speak		176.0 ± 109.5	223.3 ± 102.9	0.000
Tpeak		375.6 ± 106.9	453.2 ± 123.7	0.000
Tons		329.7 ± 105.4	403.1 ± 118.7	0.000
Toffs		416.8 ± 113.5	493.4 ± 126.5	0.000
RonsF		34.1 ± 4.7	33.0 ± 5.8	0.030
RoffsF		33.2 ± 6.0	32.1 ± 6.8	0.078
SDNN		2776.7 ± 58807.6	25.9 ± 19.1	0.030

The used statistical tests include Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, and Fisher’s exact test as per demand. Starting from the standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals to the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, this part of the table represents the parameters obtained from the Qardio-Qvark^® device based on some mathematical formulas. ECG: Electrocardiography; SDLA: Standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals; HFNoise: High frequency noise; RR: RR interval; TpTe: Tpeak-tend; VAT: Ventricular activation time; QTc: Corrected QT; HFQRS: High-frequency QRS; HFSNR: High frequency signal-to-noise ratio; JA: J-point amplitude; J80A: J-point + 80 milliseconds, amplitude; TA: T-wave amplitude; QRSE: QRS energy/spectral integral; TE: T-wave energy; QRSw: QRS width; PAn: P-wave amplitude negative; RA: R-wave amplitude; SA: S-wave amplitude; Pst: P-wave start; Pfi: P-wave finish; QRSst: QRS start; QRSfi: QRS finish/end; Tfi: T-wave flatness index; PpeakP: P-peak amplitude; Rpeak: R-wave amplitude; Speak: S-peak amplitude; Tpeak: T-peak amplitude; RonsF: R onset; RoffsF: R offset; SDNN: Standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals.

Full Size Table

Citation: Karbovskaya AD, Marzoog BA, Stroeva A, Suvorov A, Chomakhidze P, Gognieva D, Kuznetsova N, Syrkin A, Fadeev VV, Ismailova SM, Poluboyarinova IV, Kopylov P. Machine learning-based detection of diabetes mellitus from single-lead electrocardiography: A phenotype-stratified approach. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 116217
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v18/i3/116217.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217

Karbovskaya AD, Marzoog BA, Stroeva A, Suvorov A, Chomakhidze P, Gognieva D, Kuznetsova N, Syrkin A, Fadeev VV, Ismailova SM, Poluboyarinova IV, Kopylov P. Machine learning-based detection of diabetes mellitus from single-lead electrocardiography: A phenotype-stratified approach. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 116217 [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.116217]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.