Valvular calcification in liver cirrhosis: A comparison with non-cirrhotic cardiovascular controls

doi:10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077

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World Journal of Cardiology

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1949-8462

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Cardiol. Mar 26, 2026; 18(3): 114077
Published online Mar 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis of variables related to mitral annular calcification

Variable	Univariate binary logistic regression			Variable	Multivariate binary logistic regression
Variable	OR	95 %CI	P value	Variable	Model	OR	95%CI	P value
Age	1.140	1.094-1.187	< 0.001^a	Age	Ib	1.141	1.092-1.193	< 0.001^a
					IIb	1.102	1.041-1.167	< 0.001^a
					IIIb	1.067	1.000-1.137	0.050
Gender, male	0.999	0.572-1.744	0.996	Gender, male	Ib	0.868	0.428-1.759	0.694
					IIb	0.715	0.303-1.684	0.442
					IIIb	0.439	0.157-1.228	0.117
BMI, kg/m²	1.104	1.038-1.173	0.002	BMI, kg/m²	Ib	1.102	1.026-1.183	0.008^a
					IIb	1.166	1.067-1.273	< 0.001^a
					IIIb	1.169	1.061-1.288	0.002^a
DM	2.035	1.150-3.603	0.015	DM	IIIb	1.049	0.425-2.587	0.917
Hypertension	1.623	0.969-2.719	0.066	Hypertension	IIIb	1.214	0.457-3.221	0.697
Hyperlipidemia	2.055	1.217-3.471	0.007	Hyperlipidemia	IIIb	2.423	0.900-6.521	0.080
AF	2.655	1.141-6.175	0.023	AF	IIIb	3.181	0.811-12.473	0.097
PVD	3.941	1.440-10.785	0.008	PVD	IIIb	1.708	0.352-8.286	0.506
COPD	4.303	1.212-15.274	0.024	COPD	IIIb	5.163	0.861-30.966	0.072
CKD III	2.857	1.010-8.082	0.048	CKD III	IIIb	0.726	0.130-4.068	0.716
LVEF (%)	0.957	0.928-0.987	0.006	LVEF (%)	IIIb	0.969	0.923-1.016	0.194
MI	2.484	1.263-4.886	0.008	MI	IIIb	3.060	1.014-9.237	0.047
Fatty LC (NAFLD and AFLD)	2.017	1.063-3.828	0.032	Fatty LC (NAFLD and AFLD)	Ib	2.677	1.204-5.954	0.016
					IIb	4.461	1.573-12.656	0.005^a
					IIIb	16.693	3.843-72.512	< 0.001^a
Other causes of LC	1.195	0.648-2.204	0.569	Other causes of LC	Ib	1.475	0.692-3.148	0.314
					IIb	3.173	1.135-8.871	0.028
					IIIb	12.719	3.068-52.736	< 0.001^a
AVC	4.364	2.547-7.477	< 0.001^a	AVC	IIb	5.307	2.444-11.522	< 0.001^a
AVC	4.364	2.547-7.477	< 0.001^a	AVC	IIIb	8.079	3.263-20.004	< 0.001^a
Aortic root calcification	8.948	4.587-17.457	< 0.001^a	Aortic root calcification	IIb	7.185	2.827-18.257	< 0.001^a
Aortic root calcification	8.948	4.587-17.457	< 0.001^a	Aortic root calcification	IIIb	15.987	4.630-55.203	< 0.001^a
Mitral valve calcification	3.670	2.161-6.232	< 0.001^a	Mitral valve calcification	IIb	4.790	2.077-11.044	< 0.001^a
Mitral valve calcification	3.670	2.161-6.232	< 0.001^a	Mitral valve calcification	IIIb	4.229	1.634-10.947	0.003
Posterior mitral leaflet restriction	3.762	0.796-17.786	0.095	Posterior mitral leaflet restriction	IIIb	17.862	1.036-307.871	0.047
Subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification	2.911	1.710-4.956	< 0.001^a	Subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification	IIb	1.901	0.910-3.972	0.087
Subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification	2.911	1.710-4.956	< 0.001^a	Subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification	IIIb	1.458	0.640-3.321	0.369
Aortic valve Ca score	2.761	1.980-3.850	< 0.001^a	-	-	-	-	-
Mitral valve Ca score	13.895	7.248-26.638	< 0.001^a	-	-	-	-	-
Total Ca score	4.800	3.233-7.128	< 0.001^a	-	-	-	-	-

^aP values remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (Bonferroni corrected P value: Pc = 0.05/number of comparisons; Pc = 0.0018 for univariate analysis, 0.01 for model I, 0.0055 for model IIb, and 0.0022 for model IIIb of the multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, respectively).

Model I: Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and liver cirrhosis; Model IIb: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, liver cirrhosis, aortic valve calcification, aortic root calcification, mitral valve calcification, and subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification; Model IIIb: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, liver cirrhosis etiology, aortic valve calcification, aortic root calcification, mitral valve calcification, subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification, posterior mitral leaflet restriction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease stage, left ventricular ejection fraction (%), and previous myocardial infarction. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; AF: Atrial fibrillation; PVD: Peripheral vascular disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: Myocardial infraction; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AFLD: Alcoholic fatty liver disease; LC: Liver cirrhosis; AVC: Aortic valve calcification; Ca: Calcium.

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Citation: Vuckovic M, Grgurić J, Paic F, Radonic V, Jurin I, Filipec Kanizaj T, Letilovic T. Valvular calcification in liver cirrhosis: A comparison with non-cirrhotic cardiovascular controls. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 114077
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v18/i3/114077.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077

Vuckovic M, Grgurić J, Paic F, Radonic V, Jurin I, Filipec Kanizaj T, Letilovic T. Valvular calcification in liver cirrhosis: A comparison with non-cirrhotic cardiovascular controls. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 114077 [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077]

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