Valvular calcification in liver cirrhosis: A comparison with non-cirrhotic cardiovascular controls

doi:10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077

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World Journal of Cardiology

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1949-8462

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Cardiol. Mar 26, 2026; 18(3): 114077
Published online Mar 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients included in the study, n (%)

Variable	All patients (n = 246)	LC (n = 123)	Control group (n = 123)	P value	Fatty LC (n = 61)	Other causes of LC (n = 62)	P value
Age, years	64.0 (58.0-70.0)	64.0 (58.0-70.0)	64.0 (58.0-70.0)	> 0.999	64.0 (58.0-70.0)	64.5 (58.8-71.0)	0.748
Male sex	176 (71.5)	88 (71.5)	88 (71.5)	> 0.999	53 (86.9)	35 (56.5)	< 0.001^a
BMI, kg/m²	28.03 ± 4.63	27.49 ± 5.35	28.50 ± 3.85	0.106	27.93 (25.26-32.32)	25.78 (22.73-29.65)	0.026
Previous cardiac surgery	18 (7.3)	1 (0.8)	17 (13.8)	< 0.001	1 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	0.492
DM	74 (30.1)	44 (35.8)	30 (24.4)	0.070	23 (37.7)	21 (33.9)	0.709
Hypertension	149 (60.6)	51 (41.5)	98 (79.7)	< 0.001^a	22 (36.1)	29 (46.8)	0.273
Hyperlipidemia	103 (42.0)	29 (23.8)	74 (60.2)	< 0.001^a	20 (33.3)	9 (14.5)	0.019
AF	32 (13.1)	6 (4.9)	26 (21.1)	< 0.001^a	1 (1.7)	5 (8.1)	0.207
PVD	27 (11.0)	6 (4.9)	21 (17.1)	0.004	4 (6.7)	2 (3.2)	0.436
Previous CVI or TIA	13 (5.3)	3 (2.5)	10 (8.1)	0.084	1 (1.7)	2 (3.2)	> 0.999
COPD	18 (7.3)	4 (3.3)	14 (11.4)	0.025	2 (3.3)	2 (3.2)	> 0.999
Smoking history	142 (60.4)	53 (46.9)	89 (73.0)	< 0.001^a	28 (51.9)	25 (42.4)	0.349
Previous MI	51 (20.8)	5 (4.1)	46 (37.4)	< 0.001^a	3 (5.0)	2 (3.2)	0.677
CKD stage	-	-	-	0.812	-	-	0.648
I-II	212 (86.5)	104 (85.2)	108 (87.8)	-	49 (81.7)	55 (88.7)	-
III	21 (8.6)	12 (9.8)	9 (7.3)	-	8 (13.3)	4 (6.5)	-
IV	9 (3.7)	4 (3.3)	5 (4.1)	-	2 (3.3)	2 (3.2)	-
V	3 (1.2)	2 (1.6)	1 (0.8)	-	1 (1.7)	1 (1.6)	-
LVEF, %	65.0 (55.5-65.0)	65.0 (65.0-65.0)	59.0 (50.0-65.0)	< 0.001^a	65.0 (65.0-65.0)	65.0 (65.0-65.0)	0.394
LVEF < 50%	25 (10.2)	3 (2.5)	22 (17.9)	< 0.001^a	1 (1.7)	2 (3.2)	> 0.999
Aortic valve calcification	125 (50.8)	79 (64.2)	46 (37.4)	< 0.001^a	41 (67.2)	38 (61.3)	0.574
Aortic root calcification	177 (72.0)	84 (68.3)	93 (75.6)	0.256	47 (77.0)	37 (59.7)	0.052
Total aortic valve Ca score	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	0.104	2.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (0.75-2.0)	0.083
Posterior mitral annulus calcification	130 (52.8)	71 (57.7)	59 (48.0)	0.160	39 (63.9)	32 (51.6)	0.203
Posterior mitral leaflet restriction	11 (4.5)	4 (3.3)	7 (5.7)	0.538	2 (3.3)	2 (3.2)	> 0.999
Anterior mitral annular calcification	32 (13.0)	17 (13.8)	15 (12.2)	0.850	11 (18.0)	6 (9.7)	0.202
Anterior mitral leaflet restriction	3 (1.2)	1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	> 0.999	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0.496
Mitral valve calcification	131 (53.3)	47 (38.2)	84 (68.3)	< 0.001^a	23 (37.7)	24 (38.7)	> 0.999
Subvalvular mitral apparatus calcification	107 (43.5)	51 (41.5)	56 (45.5)	0.607	30 (49.2)	21 (33.9)	0.101
Total mitral valve Ca score	2.0 (1.0-3.0)	2.0 (0.0-3.0)	2.0 (1.0-3.0)	0.253	2.0 (1.0-3.0)	1.0 (0.0-3.0)	0.086
Total Ca score	3.0 (2.0-5.0)	3.0 (1.0-5.0)	3.0 (2.0-4.0)	0.799	3.0 (2.0-5.0)	3.0 (1.0-5.0)	0.043

^aP values remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (Bonferroni corrected P value: Pc = 0.05/27 = 0.0018).

Data are presented as n (%), median with interquartile range, or mean ± SD. LC: Liver cirrhosis; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; AF: Atrial fibrillation; PVD: Peripheral vascular disease; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; CVI: Cerebrovascular insult; Ca: Calcium.

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Citation: Vuckovic M, Grgurić J, Paic F, Radonic V, Jurin I, Filipec Kanizaj T, Letilovic T. Valvular calcification in liver cirrhosis: A comparison with non-cirrhotic cardiovascular controls. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 114077
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v18/i3/114077.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077

Vuckovic M, Grgurić J, Paic F, Radonic V, Jurin I, Filipec Kanizaj T, Letilovic T. Valvular calcification in liver cirrhosis: A comparison with non-cirrhotic cardiovascular controls. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(3): 114077 [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i3.114077]

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