Diurnal temperature range, daily mean temperature, and incident cardiovascular disease in older adults: A longitudinal cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to incident cardiovascular disease status, n (%)

Variable	Overall, n = 4333	No incident CVD, n = 3351	Incident CVD, n = 982
Age, mean (SD)	67.41 (6.35)	67.40 (6.46)	67.43 (5.97)
Sex
Male	2178 (50.3)	1752 (52.3)	426 (43.4)
Female	2155 (49.7)	1599 (47.7)	556 (56.6)
Education
Below upper secondary	4093 (94.5)	3178 (94.8)	915 (93.2)
Upper secondary or above	240 (5.5)	173 (5.2)	67 (6.8)
Marital status
Partnered	3464 (79.9)	2682 (80.0)	782 (79.6)
Not partnered	869 (20.1)	669 (20.0)	200 (20.4)
Smoking
Yes	1822 (42.0)	1447 (43.2)	375 (38.2)
No	2511 (58.0)	1904 (56.8)	607 (61.8)
Drinking
Yes	1768 (40.9)	1383 (41.3)	385 (39.3)
No	2559 (59.1)	1964 (58.7)	595 (60.7)
Wealth quartile
Q1	761 (24.2)	565 (23.5)	196 (26.6)
Q2	839 (26.7)	659 (27.4)	180 (24.5)
Q3	803 (25.5)	609 (25.3)	194 (26.4)
Q4	740 (23.5)	574 (23.8)	166 (22.6)
Dyslipidemia
Yes	308 (7.2)	184 (5.6)	124 (12.8)
No	3957 (92.8)	3114 (94.4)	843 (87.2)
Diabetes
Yes	239 (5.5)	162 (4.9)	77 (7.9)
No	4070 (94.5)	3168 (95.1)	902 (92.1)
Hypertension
Yes	1170 (27.1)	787 (23.6)	383 (39.1)
No	3145 (72.9)	2549 (76.4)	596 (60.9)
BMI, mean (SD)	22.68 (3.78)	22.49 (3.70)	23.36 (3.97)
PM2.5, mean (SD)	59.70 (18.81)	58.82 (18.62)	62.71 (19.15)
mDMT, mean (SD)	15.09 (4.83)	15.44 (4.72)	13.88 (4.99)
mDTR, mean (SD)	13.75 (3.94)	13.60 (3.88)	14.28 (4.07)

Continuous variables are presented as mean (SD) and compared between groups using Student’s t test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate. Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and compared using Pearson’s χ² test. The number of participants may be less than 4333 for variables with missing data. Wealth was handled using multiple imputation in subsequent analyses, whereas missing drinking status was not imputed. Dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension were not included as covariates in the multivariable models and were not imputed. SD: Standard deviation; BMI: Body mass index; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; mDTR: Mean diurnal temperature range; mDMT: Mean daily mean temperature; PM_2.5: Fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm.