Extended venous excess ultrasound: A promising addition to point-of-care ultrasound-based venous congestion assessment

Figure 4 Superior vena cava Doppler. A and B: Subcostal bicaval view with corresponding illustration; C and D: Panel C shows a normal superior vena cava Doppler waveform obtained from the bicaval view with a systolic wave greater than the diastolic wave. Panel D demonstrates a severely abnormal pattern with systolic wave reversal. The tracing in panel D was obtained from a modified parasternal view, which often results in suboptimal Doppler angle and consequently lower recorded flow velocities. IVC: Inferior vena cava; RA: Right atrium; SVC: Superior vena cava; S: Systolic; D: Diastolic.