Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A state-of-the-art review

Figure 6 Current pharmacological options, proposed action and their impact on reducing the burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; AGEs: Advance glycation end products; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATII: Angiotensin II; ChREPB: Carbohydrate element binding protein; CPT1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; CV: Cardiovascular; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; FA: Fatty acid; FXR: Farnesoid receptor X; H2S: Hydrogen sulfide; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HSC: Hepatic stellate cells; KLF2: Kruppel like factors; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; LSEC: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; LXR: Liver X receptor; MASH: Metabolic-dysfunction associated steatohepatitis; NADPH oxidase: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; NF-Kb: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B cells; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; PDGF: Platelet derived growth factor; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RAAS: Renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system; SCD-1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; RhoA: Ras homolog family member A; ROCK: Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase; SGLT-2 inhibitors: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; SHH: Sonic hedgehog pathway; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG: Triglyceride; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein.