Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A state-of-the-art review

Figure 5 The key chains of interactions between metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, which serve as pharmacological targets. HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; AGEs: Advance glycation end products: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATII: Angiotensin II; ChREPB: Carbohydrate element binding protein; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; FXR: Farnesoid receptor X; H2S: Hydrogen sulfide; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; LXR: Liver X receptor; MAFLD: Metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; NADPH oxidase: Nicotinamide adeninenucleotide phosphate oxidase; NF-Kb: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B cells; PDGF: Platelet derived growth factor; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; SCD-1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; RhoA: Ras homolog family member A; ROCK: Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase; SGLT-2 inhibitors: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; SHH: Sonic hedgehog pathway; TG: Triglyceride; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein.