Acute myocardial infarction with ventricular septal rupture: Clinical characteristics, prognosis factors, and treatment strategies

Table 1 Epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular septal rupture before and after the implementation of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention, n (%)

Research object	Research center/country	Type of study population	AMI cases (n)	VSR incidence	Gender (male:female)	Implementation status of acute PCI	Year	Ref.
GUSTO Trial	International multicenter (Europe and United States)	AMI patients primarily receiving thrombolytic therapy	36303	798 (2.2)	1:1.2	Thrombolysis as the primary approach	1993	[84]
PAMI-1 and PAMI-2	Multicenter (America)	AMI patients	1295	4 (0.31)	-	PCI	1995	[85-87]
SHOCK Research	International multicenter (Europe and United States)	Patients with cardiogenic shock complicated by VSR after MI	939	55 (5.86)	-	Thrombolysis combined with IABP, partial PCI	1999-2006	[88]
MOODY Registered Study	China (multicenter)	AMI	9265	52 (0.56)	0.625:1	Thrombolysis combined with IABP, partial PCI	1999-2016	[89]
-	International multicenter	STEMI, NSTEMI	9126362	10344 (0.11)	0.71:1	Thrombolysis combined with IABP, partial PCI	2003-2015	[9]
Huazhong Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital	China (single centre)	VSR with percutaneous closure	-	81	0.72:1	PCI and Percutaneous Septal Closure	2013-2020	[90]
Huazhong Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital	China (single centre)	PIVSR patients	-	213	0.95:1	PCI	2018-2023	[91]
CAUTION study(NCT03848429)	International multicenter	Post-infarction MCs	-	720	1.46:1	Thrombolysis combined with IABP, partial PCI	2001-2019	[92]
Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, India	India (single centre)	Patients diagnosed with post-AMI VSR and who underwent surgical closure of VSR by double patch technique	-	77	2.67:1	Thrombolysis combined with IABP, partial PCI	2002-2022	[93]
Karachi Tabba Heart Institute, Department of Clinical Research in Cardiology	Pakistan (multicenter)	AMI-VSR	11428	67 (0.6)	1.68:1	PCI	2011-2020	[94]
First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University	China (single centre)	AMI-VSR	5395	42 (0.78)	-	PCI	2016-2020	[95]
Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University	China (single centre)	AMI-VSR	-	180	0.94:1	PCI	2016-2023	[25]
Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College	China (single centre)	AMI-VSR	12354	70 (0.57)	0.89:1	Thrombolysis combined with IABP, partial PCI	2002-2010	[96]
Peking University People's Hospital Research	China (single centre)	STEMI	2057	16 (0.7)	1:1	11 cases of coronary angiography	1990-2004	[97]
-	China (multicenter)	AMI-VSR	-	127	1.12:1	61.4% drug therapy, 24.4% TCC, 14.2% surgical intervention	2012-2019	[98]
Shenyang Northern Theater General Hospital	China (single centre)	AMI-VSR	-	45	1.25:1	Surgery, IABP/ECMO	2012-2021	[99]
Cairo University	Egypt (single centre)	PIVSR	-	32	1:1	PCI	2015-2023	[100]
Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University	China (single centre)	AMI-VSR	-	50	0.63:1	PCI	2012-2021	[101]
National University of Singapore research	Singapore (single centre)	Analysis of Pathological Characteristics of VSR in Asian Populations	-	40	1.2:1	Histopathology combined with immunohistochemistry	2010-2020	[102]
A tertiary care center in South India	South India (single centre)	Patients undergoing TCC	-	21	2.5:1	PCI + TCC	2000-2014	[103]
Cleveland clinic	United States (single centre)	AMI-VSR	-	38	1.375:1	PCI + Ventricular septal repair	1976-2023	[104]

AMI-VSR: Acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular septal rupture; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump; STEMI: ST - elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: Non ST - elevation myocardial infarction; TCC: Transcatheter Closure; ECMO: Extraciroireal membrane oxygenation.