Myocardial ischemia in nonobstructive coronary arteries: A review of diagnostic dilemmas, current perspectives, and emerging therapeutic innovations

Table 3 Discriminatory biomarkers in myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries

Biomarker	Description
TRAIL	Plays a role in immune cell regulation and inflammation. It is downregulated in proportion to the severity of myocardial injury. Higher levels are observed in stable MINOCA patients
t-PA	Involved in fibrinolysis. The levels of t-PA could be altered in typical MI due to thrombus formation, whereas MINOCA may show lower fibrinolytic activity due to the lack of major coronary obstruction
NT-proBNP	Elevated in MINOCA due to myocardial stress, ventricular dysfunction, or microvascular dysfunction. It can indicate a worse prognosis

TRAIL: Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; t-PA: Tissue plasminogen activator; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; MINOCA: Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries; MI: Myocardial infarction.