Myocardial ischemia in nonobstructive coronary arteries: A review of diagnostic dilemmas, current perspectives, and emerging therapeutic innovations

Table 2 Nondiscriminatory biomarkers in myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries

Biomarker	Description
CXCL-1	Involved in neutrophil recruitment and inflammation. Elevated levels have been found indicating a high level of chronic inflammation in MINOCA patients
suPAR	suPAR has chemotactic properties and is involved in inflammatory activity and microvascular dysfunction. Elevated levels are linked to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in MINOCA
MPO	A marker of oxidative stress and inflammation. Higher MPO levels are typically associated with atherosclerosis and can be elevated in typical MI, whereas MINOCA might present with lower MPO levels if inflammation is less pronounced

CXCL-1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; suPAR: Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; MINOCA: Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries; MI: Myocardial infarction.