Adenosine triphosphate-induced cell death in heart failure: Is there a link?

Table 2 Experimental studies examining the role of adenosine triphosphate-induced cell death in ischemia-reperfusion injury

Ref.	Year	Model	Marker(s)	Compound/target	Effect(s)
Zhang et al[70]	2024	Temporary ligation of the LAD for 40 minutes to induce myocardial I/R injury	cTnT, LVEF, LVFS, LVEDD and LVESD	B. infantis or its metabolite inosine	Activate A2AR
Chen et al[69]	2024	A thoracotomy was performed, and reversible sutures were placed around the LAD. By tightening the sutures for 30 minutes and then loosening them, myocardial I/R was induced	NIR imaging	IR-780	Binds to the F0F1-ATP synthase of cardiomyocytes, inducing mitochondria to enter a "resting state"
Chen et al[68]	2022	Mice undergo 60 minutes of ischemia in the LAD by ligating the artery, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion after releasing the ligation to establish an IRI model	IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, MIF, P-AMPK α, GLUT4 and Bcl-2	Dexmedetomidine	α2-AR stimulant
Rusiecka et al[67]	2023	Perform a left thoracotomy to access the heart, suture around the LAD with 8-0 Prolene suture, and form a loop using a small piece of polyethylene tubing. Induce ischemia by pulling the loop and maintain the occlusion for 30 minutes. Reperfuse after releasing the clamp for 24 hours	cTnI	Panx1	Increased mitochondrial ATP content
Flori et al[66]	2023	Acute myocardial injury and I/R injury caused by coronary artery occlusion	cTnI	ERU, mitoKATP channel	Activate mitoK channels, mitoKv7.4, and mitoKATP channels
Wu et al[65]	2022	Ligate the LAD to construct an in vivo I/R model	Infarct size, LDH levels, and serum cTnT levels	IF1	Block the reversal of F1Fo-ATP synthase; Activate AMPK
Wang et al[64]	2023	Exposure of the heart is achieved through a left thoracotomy, and AMI is induced by ligating the LAD at its temporal aspect for 30 minutes, followed by releasing the ligation to cause reperfusion injury after 30 minutes	LDH and CK-MB	AASP	Increase mitochondrial membrane potential, restore ATP synthase activity
Huang et al[63]	2024	Induce myocardial ischemia through methods such as coronary artery ligation, and then restore blood flow after a certain period to simulate the reperfusion process	LDH, CK, Acetylation level of SF3A2	Ginsenoside Rb2	Inhibit p300-mediated acetylation at lysine 10 of SF3A2 to promote selective splicing of the Fscn1 gene, thereby enhancing Fscn1 expression
Cai et al[62]	2023	LAD ligation mouse model	LDH, ACSL4, TfR, SLC7A11, GPX4 and 4- HNE	Alox15/15-HpETE	Promote the binding of Pgc1α with ubiquitin ligase ring finger protein 34
Chen et al[71]	2024	An open-chest surgery was performed to expose the heart, and then the LAD was sutured with 9-0 suture thread	cTnI and CK-MB	GAS	GAS improved mitochondrial autophagy by PINK1/Parkin

LAD: Left anterior descending coronary artery; cTnT: Cardiac troponins T; cTnI: Cardiac troponins I; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS: Left ventricular fractional shortening; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESd: Left ventricular end-systolic diameter; B. infantis: Bifidobacterium infantis; A2AR: Adenosine A2A receptors; NIR: Near-infrared; IRI: Ischemia/reperfusion injury; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; MIF: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor; P-AMPK α: Phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase α; GLUT4: Glucose transporters type 4; Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma 2; α2-AR: Α2-adrenergic receptor; ERU: Erucin; mitoKATP: Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel; IF1: F1Fo-ATPase inhibitor 1; AMI: Acute myocardial ischemia; TfR: Transferrin receptor; SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7a member 11; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; Pgc1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; GAS: Gastrodin; PINK1: PTEN-induced kinase 1.