Racial disparities in electrical and structural cardiac adaptation among adolescent athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Impact of race on echocardiographic characteristics

Variable	Number of studies included in analysis	Black vs White athletes (MD, 95%CI)
A wave	3	MD = -1.50, 95%CI: -3.84 to 0.85, P = 0.2106, I2 = 89%
E wave	2	MD = -5.71, 95%CI: -19.42 to 8.01, P = 0.4148, I2 = 97%
E/A ratio	4	MD = -0.07, 95%CI: -0.11 to -0.03, P = 0.0011, I2 = 0%
LV ejection fraction (%)	3	MD = -0.08, 95%CI: -0.88 to 0.72, P = 0.8412, I2 = 55%
Left atrial diameter (mm)	3	MD = 1.64, 95%CI: 0.16-3.12, P = 0.0296, I2 = 87%
LVEDD (mm)	6	MD = -0.87, 95%CI: -1.58 to -0.17, P = 0.0153, I2 = 87%
LVEDD indexed (mm/m2)	3	MD = -0.36, 95%CI: -1.36 to 0.63, P = 0.4721; I2 = 95%
LV end-diastolic volume (mL)	3	MD = -4.10, 95%CI: 10.48-2.28, P = 0.2080, I2 = 65%
LV end-systolic dimensions (mm)	4	MD = -0.8979, 95%CI: -1.26 to -0.530, P < 0.0001, I2 = 15.6%
LV end-systolic volume (mL)	3	MD = -0.05, 95%CI: -0.70 to 0.60, P = 0.8789, I2 = 0%
LV mass (g)	3	MD = 17.29, 95%CI: -1.05 to 35.62, P = 0.0646, I2 = 82.7%
LV mass indexed (g/m2)	7	MD = 5.02, 95%CI: 1.79-8.26, P = 0.0023, I2 = 75%
Maximal wall thickness	2	MD = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.28-1.83, P = 0.0080, I2 = 86%
Posterior wall thickness (mm)	4	MD = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.36-1.78, P = 0.0033, I2 = 88%
Right ventricle diameter (mm)	2	MD = -0.60, 95%CI: -1.39 to 0.18, P = 0.1324, I2 = 86%
Relative wall thickness	6	MD = 0.03, 95%CI: 0.001-0.06, P = 0.0126, I2 = 86%
Septal wall thickness (mm)	5	MD = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.62-1.07, P < 0.0001, I2 = 83%
Aortic root (mm)	3	MD = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.08-0.53, P = 0.0087, I2 = 0%

LV: Left ventricle; LVEDD: Left ventricle end-diastolic dimensions; MD: Mean difference.