Racial disparities in electrical and structural cardiac adaptation among adolescent athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Impact of race on echocardiographic characteristics

Variable	Number of studies included in analysis	Black vs White athletes (MD, 95%CI)
PR interval (millisecond)	2	MD = 17.49, 95%CI: 11.70-23.29, P < 0.0001, I2 = 3.2%
QRS complex duration (millisecond)	4	MD = -7.35, 95%CI: -9.17 to -5.53, P < 0.0001, I2 = 44%
Corrected QT interval (millisecond)	3	MD = -4.95, 95%CI: -7.69 to -2.22, P = 0.0004, I2 = 0%
S1/R5 wave voltages (mm)	3	MD = 11.11, 95%CI: 7.19-15.02, P < 0.0001, I2 = 71%
First degree atrioventricular block	2	OR = 3.84, 95%CI: 2.27-6.50, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%
Sinus bradycardia	4	OR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.52-1.20, P = 0.2692, I2 = 85%
ST-segment elevation	5	OR = 4.31, 95%CI: 2.34-7.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 89%
Ascending concave STE (domed)	2	OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.13-1.72, P = 0.0020, I2 = 0%
Ascending convex STE	2	OR = 5.78, 95%CI: 0.31-109.60, P = 0.2424, I2 = 88%
ST-segment depression	2	OR = 3.69, 95%CI: 0.87-15.63, P = 0.0767, I2 = 0%
Inverted T wave	4	OR = 3.80, 95%CI: 1.48-9.72, P = 0.0054, I2 = 77%
Pathologic Q wave	2	OR = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.17-0.96, P = 0.0392, I2 = 0%
Right bundle branch block	4	OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.26-1.08, P = 0.0809, I2 = 77%
Left atrium enlargement	4	OR = 3.53, 95%CI: 1.87-6.68, P = 0.0001, I2 = 49%
Left ventricle hypertrophy	5	OR = 2.12, 95%CI: 0.66-6.80, P = 0.2088, I2 = 96%
Right atrium enlargement	2	OR = 6.15, 95%CI: 3.16-11.95, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%
Right ventricle hypertrophy	2	OR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.53-2.81, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%

MD: Mean difference; OR: Odds ratio; STE: ST-segment elevation.