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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Cardiol. Oct 26, 2025; 17(10): 111462
Published online Oct 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i10.111462
Figure 2
Figure 2 Pathophysiological mechanisms. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; Ang II: Angiotensin II; ET-1: Endothelin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; CaMKII: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; MEF2: Myocyte enhancer factor 2; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.


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