Sex and racial disparities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cardiovascular events: National inpatient sample analysis (2019)

Table 2 Baseline characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hospitalizations by sex, 2019, n (%)

		Male	Female	P value
Age (yr) at admission, median [IQR]		55 [43-65]	55 [42-67]
Race	White	67.0	64.8	< 0.001
	Black	10.1	11.7	< 0.001
	Hispanic	15.9	17.0	< 0.001
	Asian-Pacific Islander	2.7	2.3	< 0.001
	Native American	0.9	1.0	< 0.001
	Others	3.4	3.2	< 0.001
Median household income national quartile for patient ZIP code	0-25	28.3	30.3	< 0.001
	25-50	25.4	26.1	< 0.001
	50-75	25.6	24.8	< 0.001
	75-100	20.7	18.7	< 0.001
Primary expected payer	Medicare	32.6	36.2	< 0.001
	Medicaid	20.2	22.2	< 0.001
	Private including HMO	34.0	33.0	< 0.001
	Self-pay	8.6	5.9	< 0.001
	No charges	0.9	0.5	< 0.001
	Others	3.8	2.2	< 0.001
Elective versus non-elective admission	Non-elective	88.2	80.4	< 0.001
	Elective	11.8	19.6	< 0.001
Region of hospital	Northeast	17.3	16.5	< 0.001
	Midwest	21.4	20.6	< 0.001
	South	38.1	39.3	< 0.001
	West	23.2	23.6	< 0.001
Location/teaching status of hospital	Rural	6.0	6.2	< 0.001
	Urban non-teaching	18.0	18.9	< 0.001
	Urban teaching	76.0	74.8	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Hypertension, complicated		18.5	16.3	< 0.001
Hypertension, uncomplicated		45.1	42.5	< 0.001
Diabetes with chronic complications		21.7	21.0	< 0.001
Diabetes without chronic complications		13.5	15.8	< 0.001
Hyperlipidaemia		41.5	38.6	< 0.001
Obesity		32.3	43.6	< 0.001
Peripheral vascular disease		6.8	4.9	< 0.001
Prior MI		5.8	3.4	< 0.001
Drug abuse		6.5	4.4	< 0.001
Tobacco use disorder		25.3	17.5	< 0.001
Chronic pulmonary disease		18.7	25.0	< 0.001
Prior TIA/stroke without neurologic deficit		4.2	4.6	< 0.001
Prior VTE		4.7	5.2	< 0.001
In-hospital outcomes
MACCE (ACM/AMI/CA/stroke)		6.2	4.6	< 0.001
All-cause mortality		1.4	1.3	0.001
AMI - all diagnoses T1/T2MI combined		3.4	2.2	< 0.001
Acute VTE		2.8	2.2	< 0.001
Dysrhythmia		15.1	10.7	< 0.001
Cardiac arrest		0.7	0.5	< 0.001
Stroke		1.5	1.3	< 0.001
Disposition of patient	Routine discharge	73.3	73.2	< 0.001
	Transfers to short term facilities	2.4	1.8	< 0.001
	Other: Includes SNF, ICF, another type of facility	9.4	10.1	< 0.001
	HHC	10.7	12.0	< 0.001
	AMA	2.8	1.5	< 0.001
Length of stay (d), median [IQR]		3 [2-6]	3 [2-5]	< 0.001
Total charges (USD), median [IQR]		40952 [23123-75209]	41695 [24443-72705]	< 0.001

P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HMO: Health Maintenance Organization; MACCE: Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events; ACM: All-cause mortality; MI: Myocardial infarction; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; CA: Cardiac arrest; T2MI: Type 2 myocardial infarction; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; VTE: Venous thromboembolism; SNF: Skilled Nursing Facility; ICF: Intermediate Care Facility; HHC: Home Health Care; AMA: Against medical advice.