Safety and effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in cardiac surgery: A systematic review

Table 2 The main baseline characteristics among patients after cardiac surgery in each study included in the systematic review

Ref.	Groups	Males/Females (N)	Age (yr)	Weight (kg)	Height (cm)	BMI (kg/m2)	Type of surgery
Fischer et al[19]	NMES (n = 27); CG (n = 27)	18/9; 20/7	63.3 ± 15.5; 69.7 ± 13.1	NA	NA	27.6 ± 3.7; 27.7 ± 4.6	Aortic valve replacement; CABG; Heart transplantation; Other cardiothoracic surgery; Mitral valve replacement; Mitral valve reconstruction; Tricuspid valve reconstruction; Bentall surgery
Schardong et al[20]	FES (n = 10); CG (n = 10)	7/3; 7/3	60 ± 7.3; 63.5 ± 5	NA	NA	27.3 ± 3.1; 29.1 ± 6.2	CABG; Heart valve surgery
Kitamura et al[21]	NMES (n = 60); CG (n = 59)	39/21; 37/22	67 (55-74); 70 (61-77)	NA	NA	25.5 (20.4-24.8); 22.3 (20.4-24.9)	CABG; Valvular surgery; Thoracic Aorta
Fontes Cerqueira et al[22]	NMES (n = 26); CG (n = 33)	18/8; 23/10	41.8 ± 13.17; 42.21 ± 14.36	66.12 ± 13.29; 61.85 ± 12.69	160 ± 6; 165 ± 8	25. ± 4.72; 21.96 ± 4.2	Mitral valve replacement; Aortic valve replacement; Mitral valve reconstruction; Aortic valve reconstruction; Mitral valve replacement + Aortic valve reconstruction
Fontes Cerqueira et al[23]	NMES (n = 15); CG (n = 15)	9/6; 5/10	49.87 ± 14.37; 50.93 ± 14.56	NA	NA	NA	CABG; Valve replacement; CABG + Valve replacement
Sumin et al[24]	NMES (n = 18); CG (n = 19)	12/6; 13/6	61.5 [52-70]; 64 [60-68]	NA	NA	28.4 [25.2-30.9]; 28.4 [25.8-32.5]	CABG; Aortic valve replacement; Mitral valve replacement; CABG + valve replacement; Multivalve operations; Bentall surgery; Aortic dissection; Heart transplantation
Rengo et al[25]	NMES (n = 18); CG (n = 19)	16/2; 17/2	66.5 ± 1.6; 66.2 ± 1.4	89.4 ± 2.7; 90.9 ± 3.8	173 ± 1; 176 ± 3	29.7 ± 0.8; 29.0 ± 0.8	CABG; CABG + Valve replacement
Cerqueira et al[26]	NMES (n = 23); CG (n = 22)	12/11; 15/7	47.8 ± 13.9; 46.4 ± 13.5	72.3 ± 14.8; 68.5 ± 13.6	163.1 ± 10.4; 165.2 ± 7.2	27.2 ± 4.9; 25.1 ± 4.5	CABG; Aortic valve replacement; Mitral valve replacement; Mitral valve replacement; + Aortic valve reconstruction
Takino et al[27]	NMES (n = 90); CG (n = 90)	61/29; 63/27	74 ± 5; 74 ± 5	NA	NA	19.8 (18.0-21.8); 19.3 (18.2-20.8)	CABG; Valvular surgery; Thoracic aorta; Other surgery; Combined surgery
Sumin et al[28]	NMES n = 62); CG (n = 60)	44/18; 39/21	62.0 [57.5-66.6]; 63.5 [59.0-69.0]	NA	NA	27.4 [25.4-31.5]; 28.7 [25.9-33.3]	Prehabilitation (before cardiac surgery)

Values are presented as a mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; CG: Control group; FES: Functional electrical stimulation; NMES: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation group; NA: Not available.