Heart failure in general and cardiac transplant patients with COVID-19

Table 2 A late complication in subacute and chronic recovery phases

Diagnostic tools	Likely heart failure	Likely COVID/ARDS
BNP/NT-Pro BNP and clinical findings	BNP > 100 pg/mL or NT-Pro BNP > 450 pg/mL Signs and symptoms of right and left heart failure	< 450 pg/mL Absence of signs and symptoms of volume overload
EKG	Abnormal ekg findings of LVH, LAE, Sinus tachycardia, LAD, RAD, AF, PVCs, BBB	Nonspecific findings or symptoms of pulmonary embolism, Right heart strain or myocardial ischemia
ECHO	Ejection Fraction%, RV dilatation and dysfunction, LV Diastolic dysfunction, LV global systolic dysfunction	Findings of pulmonary arterial hypertension; RV dysfunction, enlargement and abnormal contraction, septal dyskinesia. Acute Cor pulmonale
CMRI	Establishes ischemic vs nonischemic heart failure, quantification of ventricular function and scar burden	Distinguishes pulmonary vs extrapulmonary causes for acute respiratory distress syndrome

LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy; LAE: Left atrial Enlargement; LAD: Left axis deviation; RAD: Right axis deviation; AF: Atrial fibrillation; PVCs: Premature ventricular complexes; BBB: Bundle branch blocks.